敦煌莫高窟开放洞窟壁画安全防护实验研究

Experimental Study on the Conservation of the Wall Paintings in the Opened Caves of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang

观众进入实体洞窟体验参观是目前敦煌莫高窟对外开放的主要模式之一,也是传承优秀传统文化、提升民族文化自信心的有效手段:敦煌莫高窟自1979年开放以来,已经累计接待国内外游客超过2000万人次,2019年年接待量超过220万人次,在满足游客高品质参观需求的基础上,如何确保洞窟特别是空间狭小洞窟壁画安全一直是文物保护管理者面临的主要问题。为此,敦煌研究院于1984年得到中国香港邵逸夫先生捐款1000万港币用于敦煌石窟的文物保护,为莫高窟、榆林窟和西千佛洞三处石窟的560余个洞窟安装了铝合金门,为莫高窟100余个洞窟安装了用于保护壁画的玻璃屏风约2500平方米,对有效防止窟内壁画可能受到破坏的风险起到了积极作用。然而,随着游客的不断增加和珍贵壁画安全防护的现实需求,在确保游客正常通行参观(单向通道≥0.6米)的前提下,如何保障在狭窄或低矮的甬道(如莫高窟第314窟甬道宽约0.85米、莫高窟第204窟甬道高约1.65米)的情况下做好甬道壁画防护具有很大的挑战性。本文在详细调查开放洞窟壁画防护现状的基础上,结合对防护材料、设计比选的市场调研,提出了“优质特种减反射(或高通透)玻璃+特制构件+洞窟形制艺术设计”的洞窟安全防护模式,有效解决了莫高窟空间狭小开放洞窟壁画的安全防护问题,对同类文物古迹保护利用具有重要借鉴意义。

Visitors entering the physical caves to experience the visit is one of the main modes of opening up the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang,and it is also an effective means to inherit Chinese traditional culture and enhance the self-confidence of the national culture.Since its opening in 1979,the Mogao Grottoes has received more than 20 million domestic and foreign tourists,and the reception in 2019 exceeded 2.2 million.On the basis of meeting the needs of tourists for high-quality visits,how to ensure the safety of caves,especially the wall paintings in small caves with narrow spaces,has always been a major issue faced by cultural relics conservation managers.To this end,Dunhuang Academy received a donation of 10 million Hong Kong dollars from Sir Run Run Shaw from Hong Kong in 1984 for the conservation of Dunhuang Grottoes,and installed aluminum alloys for more than 560 caves in Mogao and Yulin Grottoes,as well as West Thousand Buddha Grottoes.About 2,500 square meters of glass screens for protecting wall paintings have been installed in more than 100 caves in Mogao Grottoes,which has played a positive role in effectively preventing the risk of damage of wall paintings.However,with the increasing number of tourists and the demand for protection of precious wall paintings,under the premise of ensuring the normal passage of tourists(one-way passage M 0.6m),how to ensure the safety of narrow or low paths.For example,it is very challenging to protect the wall wall paintings at the path of cave 314 with a width of about 0.85m,and the path with a height of about 1.65m in cave 204 of Mogao Grottoes.Based on the detailed investigation on the current wall painting in open caves,combined with market research on protective materials and design comparisons,this paper proposes the"high-quality special antireflection(or high-transparency)glass+special components+cave shape art design".The safety protection mode effectively solves the problem of the wall paintings in the small and opening caves of Mogao Grottoes,and it is significant for the protection and utilization of similar cultural relics and historic sites.