犍陀罗佛教考古190年

190 Years of Buddhist Archaeology in Gandhāra

犍陀罗佛教考古研究已有190年历史。1830~1848年,英军为了寻找古币和宝石而挖掘佛塔。1848~1885年,坎宁安到犍陀罗创建了印度考古局并带领展开一系列的官方发掘。1885~1902年,英印军队实力扩张,考察和发掘范围扩大至斯瓦特上下游和布奈尔地区。1902~1947年,马歇尔接任考古局局长后,犍陀罗地区开始有了系统的考古发掘和研究,在这期间,法国傅塞撰写了经典的《犍陀罗希腊佛教艺术》。1947年,巴基斯坦独立之后,犍陀罗地区主要由日本、意大利和巴基斯坦本地的考古学家负责考古挖掘,犍陀罗佛教艺术的研究也开始多面向发展。

The Gandhara Buddhist archaeological research begins with the British army in 1830 till 1848,for the purpose of searching the ancient coins and gems in the stupa.Upon the arrival of Cunningham,he established the Archaeological Survey of India and leaded the British army to begin a series of official excavations between 1848 and 1885.From 1885 till 1902,excavation activities had been expanded to the upper and lower parts of Swat river and the Buner area following by the victory of British troops in Malakand field force.After Marshall took over the position as the director general of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1902-1947,a systematic archaeological excavations and research were finally started.During this period of time,a well-known and highly cited book entitled L’Art GrecoBouddhique du Gandhara from a French art historian Foucher was published.After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 until now,the archaeological excavations were mainly carried out by local archaeological and international groups such as Japan and Italy.Since then,the research of Gandharan Buddhist art flourishes on various aspects.