从罗马耶稣教堂到北京南堂:作为一种范式的“耶稣会风格”教堂研究

A Research of"Jesuit Style"Church as a Prototype with the Examples of the Church of the Gesùin Rome and Nantang in Beijing

作为天主教反宗教改革的核心修会,耶稣会利用其独特的军事管理迅速发展传教事业,在欧洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲等地建造了大量教堂。在此过程中,耶稣会选用并形成了一种有助于反宗教改革的教堂范式,形成了相应的"耶稣会风格",其主要代表作是位于罗马的耶稣会总堂——耶稣教堂,该教堂的立面和室内空间被当时欧洲各地教堂广泛模仿。17-18世纪,耶稣会士来华传教,在中国建造了大量的教堂,如今北京城内四大天主教堂中的南、东、北三堂最初即为耶稣会士建造。本文以"耶稣会风格"作为一种教堂范式,结合耶稣会的宗教思想与当时欧洲流行的教堂建筑风格,归纳"耶稣会风格"的特点,并以北京南堂为例,分析该范式在中国的本土化实践。

As the core convent of Catholic CounterReformation,the Society of Jesus used its unique military management to rapidly develop its missionary cause,preaching and building churches in Europe,Asia,Latin America and other places.In this process,the Society of Jesus chose and formed a church paradigm which was helpful to the counter-reformation and formed the corresponding"Jesuit style".Its main representative work was the Church of the Gesùin Rome,whose fa?ade and interior space were widely imitated by churches all over Europe at that time.During the 17 th and 18th centuries,Jesuits came to China to preach and built a large number of churches in China.Today,the Xuanwumen Church(Nantang),Wangfujing Church(Dongtang)and Xishiku Church(Beitang)–three of the four major churches in Beijing,were originally built by Jesuits.Taking"Jesuit Style"as a church paradigm,this paper summarises the characteristics of"Jesuit Style"by combining the Jesuit religious thought with the church architectural style popular in Europe at that time,and analyses the localisation practice of this paradigm in China by taking the Nantang in Beijing as an example.