比特币法律属性的界定

Definition of Bitcoin’s Legal Attributes

在我国禁止比特币融资的背景下,比特币的法律属性不清是引发纠纷的根源。比特币的法律属性究竟是物、货币、虚拟商品还是债权,法院对此观点不一,学界亦无定论。比特币具有债权属性的观点无法回答何为请求权所行使的对象,且同我国司法实践的需求不相匹配。比特币应属物的观点与现有理论和立法规定相冲突,且其以支配权作为定义物之标准存在一定的逻辑漏洞。至于比特币应属货币的观点,一方面比特币并不具备充当交换媒介之一般等价物的条件,另一方面认定比特币属于货币会对我国现行的货币理论构成挑战,进而会造成我国金融秩序的不稳定。在既有的财产权体系无法给予具有财产价值的比特币周延保护的情况下,比特币的特点证成了其法律属性应被界定为虚拟财产,这一点也得到了我国司法实践的默认。比特币作为虚拟财产的制度构建主要应由比特币的归属、比特币的移转以及涉比特币纠纷的侵权救济责任等内容构成。

In the context of the prohibition of Bitcoin financing in China,the unclear legal nature of Bitcoin is the source of disputes in judicial practice.Whether the legal attribute of Bitcoin is a thing,currency,virtual property or creditor.s rights,the courts have different opinions and the academic circles are inconclusive.The view that Bitcoin has the attribute of creditor.s rights cannot answer what is the object of the claim,and it does not match the needs of china.s judicial practice.The view that Bitcoin should be a thing conflicts with existing theories and legislation,and there are certain logical loopholes in trying to use the existence of dominance as the standard for defining things.There is the view that Bitcoin should be a currency.On the one hand,Bitcoin does not have the conditions to serve as a general equivalent of a medium of exchange.On the other hand,the recognition that Bitcoin is a currency will challenge China.s current monetary theory and will further cause China.s financial order unstable.Under the circumstance that the existing property rights system cannot afford the extended protection of bitcoin with property value,the uniqueness of bitcoin proves that its legal attributes should be defined as virtual property,and this has also been confirmed by China.s judicial practice.The construction of Bitcoin as a virtual property system should mainly consist of the ownership of Bitcoin,the transfer of Bitcoin,and the liability for infringement relief in disputes involving Bitcoin.