《民法典》规定的遗产信托的罗马法起源、比较法状况和我国适用

The Origin of Roman Law,the Overview of Comparative Law Study and Application in China of Inheritance Trust Stipulated in the“Civil Code”

《民法典》第1133条第4款对于遗产信托做了简单规定。如何适用这一规定?第一种思路是按《信托法》关于信托的定义适用。但如此会排斥在大陆法系国家民法典中存活的"二传手"型信托、以后位继承的名义存在的家人遗产信托以及信托替补,造成法律资源的损失,也无视了我国基本上是个大陆法系国家的现实。遗嘱信托的概念搬用于《信托法》,但制定该法时我国学界和立法界对信托的认识水平较低,造成了信托概念涵盖面的狭窄。法律一旦诞生,就具有了自己的生命,所以,遗产信托概念进入《民法典》就具有了独立性,可以赋予它新的含义,甚至反过来以此等新认识更新《信托法》中的老概念。所以,应超越《信托法》制定者对遗嘱信托的理解适用《民法典》规定的遗嘱信托,认定其适用有"二传手"型、后位继承型、信托替补型。甚至于长子继承制型的遗产信托,在我国摆脱独生子女时代后,也不排斥有适用的空间。另外,英美法中的荣誉信托在大陆法中表现为以动物和遗嘱人亡魂为受益人的信托,它们存在于我国的生活实践中,符合民情风俗,也可考虑为《民法典》规定的遗产信托制度的适用形式。

Article 1133,paragraph 4 of the“Civil Code”makes simple provisions for estate trusts􀆰How to apply this rule?The first idea is to apply this provision in accordance with the definition of trust in the“Trust Law”However,this will exclude the“setter”trusts,the family estate trusts that exist in the name of subsequent successors,and the trust substitutes,that survive in the civil codes of continental legal system countries and will cause the loss of legal resources and ignore the reality that my country is basically a member of continental legal system􀆰The concept of testamentary trust is took to the“Trust Law”,but when this law was enacted,the academic and legislative circles of our country had a low level of understanding of trust,which resulted in a narrow coverage of the concept of trust􀆰Once the law is born,it has its own life􀆰Therefore,the concept of inheritance trust has been transplanted into the“Civil Code”,it has owned independence and can give it new meanings,and e⁃ven update the old concept in the“Trust Law”with this new understand⁃ings􀆰Therefore,it is necessary to go beyond the understanding of testa⁃mentary trusts by the legislators of the“Trust Law”for applying the testa⁃mentary trust stipulated in the“Civil Code”,and determine that it is ap⁃plicable to the“setter”type,trust substitute type,and inheritance trust among families type􀆰Even the entail system,after our country got rid of the one-child era,does not exclude the room for application􀆰In addi⁃tion,the honorary trusts in common law are represented in civil law as trusts in which animals and testator􀆳s souls are the beneficiaries􀆰They exist in our country􀆳s daily life practice and conform to the national customs􀆰They can also be considered as the applying form of the heritage trust sys⁃tem stipulated in the“Civil Code”.