从“利益之需”到“仁爱之亲”——董仲舒视域下秦汉君臣观的时代之变

From“Mutual Interests”to“Control with Benevolences”:Different Views towards the Relationship between the Monarch and Ministers in the Qin and Han Dynasties

君臣关系是治国理政的重要一环,韩非主张君王要虚壹而静,广纳谏言,以无为来消解臣下之谀,通过参验之术对臣下的功过进行赏罚,进而实现君王以“利益”驭臣,臣下以“利益”谀君。然而君王徇私枉法、穷奢无度、滥用刑罚等行为,极易打破君臣间的利益链条,造成政权的崩塌。董仲舒则对韩非的君臣观进行了益损,以天统君,以仁爱摄臣,以伦理之亲固化君臣关系,儒学亦成为了维系政治秩序、社会结构稳定的重要因素。汉儒进而以《春秋》大义为核心价值,塑造了个体的理想人格,构建了民众的信仰世界,实现了社会对国格的认同,积极回应了时代之变。

The relationship between the monarch and the ministers is an important link in governing the country.Han Fei advocated that the monarch should be quiet,open to advice,eliminate the flattery of the subjects by doing nothing,and reward and punish the merits and faults of the subjects with the skill of examination,so as to realize that the monarch controls the subjects with“interests”and the subject flatters the monarch by offering“benefits”.However,if the monarch breaks the law for personal interests,leads an extravagant life,and abuses penalties,etc.,the interest chain between the monarch and subjects will become vulnerable,resulting in the collapse of the regime.Dong Zhong-shu,on the other hand,differing from Han Fei,held a view that the monarch should be guided by heavenly will,ministers should be controlled with benevolence and the relationship bet ween the monarch and ministers should be solidified with ethical kinship.Confucianism also became an important factor to maintain the political order and the stability of the social structure.Confucians in the Han Dynasty took the cardinal principle of“Spring and Autumn”as the core value,shaped the ideal personality for individuals,built a faith world for people,realized the social identity of the country,and actively responded to the changes of the time.