“《春秋》无义战”中的王道与正当性辨析——以哀公十一年“齐国书伐鲁”为中心

Discrimination and Analysis of the Dao of the Monarch and Legitimacy in“No Justice War”in the Spring and Autumn Annals:Centered on“Guoshu of Qi Attacked State Lu”in the Eleventh year of Duke Ai

《春秋》王鲁,假鲁以张治本。哀公十一年,齐不得天子之令而擅伐鲁是有违君臣之义的,但在《公羊》学视域下却是孔子以不书“某鄙”之辞表明鲁自取其祸而见耻于诸夏中国,贬之更甚于齐。究其原因,鲁作为一个侯爵之国,承周公之祀,却不思内修其德以强国,惧于夷狄之吴的强大军事实力,献百牢、乱周礼,屈辱至极。又适逢三桓擅权,对外惧强而凌弱,获罪于吴、齐两国。两国遂相继来伐,鲁在地缘政治中,左右腾挪,与吴立约;又以两邑之地贿赂齐,归邾娄子益以平齐之怒。转而又与吴兴兵伐齐,致齐悼公被弑,几乎引发了夷夏大乱。《春秋》追古贵信,鲁却毁信而伐近邻,又随意结盟、立小信以止干戈,致天下没有可信之制、可循之理,而渐失其正。孔子所见之鲁,已不复周礼之邦,王者之气象,岂可再遮其罪,遂以抑鲁扬齐而欲拨乱反正。尽管战争是残酷的,儒家对不正义的战争也是一以贯之地反对,但“齐国书帅师伐我”,定是孔子以笔执刀、反复思索、掩面而记之文,侧重对鲁德性缺失的审判和夷狄犯诸夏的斥责。以此可观《春秋》记录不义之战所用褒贬之辞,蕴含着儒家对正义战争的界定,为如何借暴力手段而起仁义之师提供了形而上的伦理基石,强调在慎战的同时,不能忽视战争对捍卫道义、国家权力,甚至辨乱复礼的正向作用。

The State Lu was regarded as a kingly state and was adopted to illustrate the principles of governance in the Spring and Autumn Anals.In the eleventh year of Duke Ai,the State Qi invaded and attacked the State Lu without the order of the emperor,which violated the righteousness of the monarch and his ministers.However,under the theory of“Gongyang”,Confucius did not write“a certain place”to show that Lu had caused his own disaster,which was regarded as a disgrace by all the states in China,and was reprimanded more seriously than Qi.The reason is that Lu,as a state of marquises,inherited Duke Zhou's sacrifices,but did not think about internally improving its virtues to strengthen the state.The State Lu was afraid of the State Wu's strong military strength,so he offered hundreds of sacrifices to the State Wu,disrupting Zhou rituals,and was extremely humiliated.It also coincided with the“three man from the family Huan”arrogating power,fearing the strong and bullying the weak,and angered States Wu and Qi.The two states came to conquer one after another,and Lu responded back and forth in geopolitics,and signed an agreement with Wu.He also bribed Qi with the land of the two towns and returned the Monarch Yi to the State Zhulou to dispel Qi's anger.In turn,he joined forces with Wu to attack Qi,resulting in the murder of Duke Dao of Qi,which almost caused chaos among barbarians and central China.The ancient rites and credits are sought the Spring and Autumn Ammals,but Lu destroyed its credit,attacked the neighbor,built up alliance at its will,and set up a small credit to stop war.As a result,the world has no credible system,no principle to follow,and gradually lost its righteousness.The State Lu that Confucius saw was no longer a state of etiquette,and the appearance of a king could no longer cover his sins,so he belittled Lu and praised Qi in order to set things right.Although the war is cruel,Confucianism also consistently opposes unjust wars,but when recording“Guoshu of Qi led the army to attack me”,Confucius focused on the trial of the lack of morality of Lu and the rebuke of the Barbarians for their crimes against all the states in central China.It can be seen from this that the praise and derogation used in the Spring and Autumn Ammals to record unjust wars contains the Confucian definition of just wars,and provides a metaphysical ethical foundation for how to start wars with benevolent and righteous reasons via violence.It also emphasizes that while being cautious in war,we will not ignore the positive role of war in safeguarding morality,state power,even dis tinguishing chaos and restoring rituals.