听觉的超越与超越听觉——论《庄子》中的听觉经验

The Transcendence of Listeningand Transcending Listening:AuditoryExperience in the Zhuangzi

作为生存的基本要素,听觉经验塑造着文明的特质。在道家思想中,《庄子》自觉地展开了对听觉经验的讨论,鲜明地以听觉超越视觉,并进一步立足于感通以超越听觉。在何所听的层面,《庄子》通过对以协调应和为特征的“地籁”的描绘,表达了对带有视觉性建制的“人籁”的拒斥,同时,以无声之“天籁”为最终归依的旨趣又展现了对表现为具体声音的“地籁”的超越。在何以听的层面,《庄子》通过对“听之以耳”“听之以心”“听之以气”三种方法论层次上的“听”的刻画,同样展现了拒斥视觉、扬弃听觉以达至感通的思想进路。《庄子》对听觉经验的讨论以及展现的对听觉的态度为反思现代听觉景观提供了丰富的资源与积极的启示。

As an essential element of survival,auditory experience shapes the character of civilization.In Daoist thought,the Zhuangzi consciously discusses auditory experience,including clearly transcending vision with listening,and further transcending listening with empathy.In terms of what is heard,Zhuangzi surpasses“pipes of humans”(ren lai人籁)with“pipes of the earth”(di lai地籁).The former is characterized by coordination and response,while the latter has visual structures.At the same time,Zhuangzi surpasses“pipes of the earth”with“pipes of heaven”(tian lai天籁),which reflects on the sound of natural silence.On the methodological level of how to listen,through the depiction of“listening with the ears”(ting zhi yi er听之以耳),“listening with the heart”(ting zhi yi xin听之以心)and“listening with Qi”(ting zhi yi qi听之以气),Zhuangzi also shows the ideological path of rejecting vision and sublating hearing and finally returning to empathy.The discussion of auditory experience in the Zhuangzi and its attitude towards hearing provide abundant resources and positive enlightenment for reflecting on the current auditory landscape.