共产主义学说对乌托邦的批判——兼论马克思与黑格尔的理想主义共识

The Communist TheoryCritique of Utopia,and the Idealism Consensus between Marx and Hegel

因未详陈理想社会的建设性内容,马克思(Karl Marx)的共产主义学说往往被自由主义学者判定为乌托邦。但结合黑格尔(G.W.F.Hegel)关于理想社会的论述可知:其一,马克思在批判乌托邦的前提下强调共产主义并非纯然道德意义的社会,而是扬弃资本主义社会的历史必然进程;其二,马克思对乌托邦的批判借鉴了黑格尔理性国家理论的“事后反思”;其三,马克思描述未来理想社会时运用了黑格尔历史目的论。共产主义与理性国家具有亲缘性,二者皆为扎根于人类历史与社会现实生活的理想主义表达。

Marx's communist theory is generally identified as utopia by liberalism,for Marx does not explicitly elaborate the constructive process of the ideal society.However,according to Hegel's descriptions of the ideal society,Liberalism misunderstands Marx's communist theory.Firstly,Marx's communist ideal is not a purely moral utopia,instead,Marx stresses that communism is an inevitably historical approach to the capitalist society in the view of anti-utopianism;Secondly,Marx's foundational criticisms of utopianism are enlightened by Hegelian methodology of post festum;Thirdly,Marx uses Hegel's historical teleology to describe the ideal society.There are affinities between Marx's communism and Hegel's rational state,both are the idealism rooted in human history and social life.