从公孙龙“白马非马”辩看汉语的存在论两可

Kong Sung-long’s Dialectics of "White Horse" not "Horse":On the Ontological Ambiguity in Chinese

中国文化和欧洲或欧美文化既处于一种完全相反的关系之中,又处于一种完全可比的框架内。在中国人那里,那些类似于西方抽象逻辑、"论辩术"或纯粹"存在论"的东西也是单纯的"游戏",亦即西方意义上的"诡辩术"。逻辑首先就是关于形式正确性的学说,但它对于中国人而言只能在其具有伦理的、实践的意义时才会被认真对待。由古希腊哲学家从根本上规定了的"存在论"问题尽管也见于中国,但只是作为一种毫无结果和结论的"游戏"。这和中国"拒绝二分"的思维方式与真理形态有关。"白马非马"论揭示出了汉语表达的"存在论两可",它又构成了语言的"存在论无差异"的前提。中国思想最为深切关心的事情是"名""物"相符。这一问题与亚里士多德形上学所处理的实体和偶性关系问题有同有异。

Chinese culture and European or Euramerican culture are totally comparable while they are extremely opposite to each other.For Chinese people,Western abstract logic,"dialectics",pure"ontology"and something merely belong to"games",or"sophism"in the West.Primarily as a theory of formal right,logic cannot be seriously treated with in China unless it is of ethical and political significance.Although"ontological"issues,which are fundamentally defined by Greek philosophers,can be found in China,they are fruitless"games".This is closely related to the"a-dihaeretic"way of thinking and truth.The dialectics of"white horse not horse"reveals the"ontological ambiguity"in Chinese expression,which further leads to linguistic"ontological indifference".The deepest concern of Chinese philosophers is the correspondence between name and thing,which is discussed,similarly and differently,in Aristotle’s metaphysics in terms of substance and attribute.