理性主义、实用主义及表达主义

Rationalism,Pragmatism and Expressivism

这里引入的理性主义语义学理论的不同寻常之处在于不把表象当作它的基本概念。然而,由推理而不是由表象开始对概念使用加以说明(因此最终对于概念内容的说明)的方法论承诺,并不需要否定在概念使用方面存在一个重要的表象维度。这里所追求的理性主义形式的表达主义包含对于逻辑的性质及哲学意味的传统看法的拒斥。逻辑不完全被视作对一种独特的形式推论的研究。它毋宁是以一种清晰的方式对隐含在日常的、非逻辑的语汇使用中的推论进行了整理。这里所谈论的黑格尔式的实用主义将规范的性质、起源等困难问题拉回到地面上。隐含的、规范的、从根本上说社会的实践乃是理解使事物清晰的概念活动的背景。

The rationalistic semantic theory introduced here is unusual in not taking representation as its fundamental concept.A methodological commitment to beginning an account of concept use(and so,eventually,of conceptual content)with reasoning rather than representing does not require denying that there is an important representational dimension to concept use.The rationalist form of expressivism pursued here involves rejecting conventional wisdom about the nature and philosophical significance of logic.Logic is not properly understood as the study of a distinctive kind of formal inference.It is rather the study of the inferential roles of vocabulary playing a distinctive expressive role:codifying in explicit form the inferences that are implicit in the use of ordinary,nonlogical vocabulary.Hegelian pragmatism talked about here brought the hard issues about the nature and origins of normativity back to earth by understanding normative statuses as social statuses.The background against which the conceptual activity of making things explicit is intelligible is taken to be implicitly normative essentially social practice.