从风险共担到损失分摊:保险损失分摊原则之形成

From Risk Sharing to Loss Sharing:the Formation of the Principle of Insurance Loss Allocation

保险损失分摊原则为重复保险中一项重要原则,其形成最早可以追溯到海商法中的共同海损制度。为了避免因争论贻误抢救时机,以利于紧急时刻采取有效措施及时解除船、货面临的共同危险,在船方与各货方之间形成了共同海损制度。共同海损制度的根本性质在于,从风险均衡分配以及自然法的公平角度出发,对所遭受的损失进行合理分摊,以平衡各方利益,实现共担损失、共负风险。共同海损的分摊基础,可以归结为一种存在于受损人与受益人之间的共同海损分摊之债。损失分摊之发展主要体现在保险中的损失分摊原则。损失分摊原则的立论基础主要在于以下三点:首先,损失分摊原则是损失补偿原则的派生,是损失补偿原则的辅助原则;其次,保险损失分摊原则的确立,与多数债务人之债“复数理论”的勃兴密不可分;最后,从经济学角度观察,损失分摊原则是基于风险分配公平与降低追偿成本的考量而形成的。共同海损制度与保险损失分摊原则的共通之处体现在对于风险与损失的分摊、对于不当得利的禁止以及对于受损方的损失补偿上。

The insurance loss allocation principle is an important principle in duplicate insurance.Its formation can be traced back to the general average system in maritime law.In order to avoid delaying the rescue opportunity due to disputes,and to take effective measures to relieve the common hazards faced by the ship and the cargo in an emergency,a common average system has been formed between the ship and the cargo.The fundamental nature of the general average system lies in the reasonable allocation of losses suffered from the perspective of balanced risk distribution and the fairness of natural law,so as to balance the interests of all parties and achieve shared losses and risks.The basis for the apportionment of general average can be attributed to a kind of general average debt that exists between the injured party and the beneficiary.The development of loss apportionment is mainly reflected in the principle of loss apportionment in insurance.The principle of loss apportionment is based on the following three points.First,the loss apportionment principle is a derivative of the loss compensation principle and a subsidiary principle of the loss compensation principle;secondly,the establishment of the insurance loss apportionment principle is related to the"plural number theory",of most debtors’debts The prosperity of the company is inseparable;finally,from an economic perspective,the principle of loss sharing is formed based on the consideration of fair risk distribution and reduction of the cost of recovery.The common general average system and the principle of insured loss apportionment are reflected in the apportionment of risks and losses,the prohibition of improper gains,and compensation for the loss of the injured party.