论欺诈结婚的救济体系——以损害赔偿为中心

On the Remedy System of Fraudulent Marriage——Centered on Damages

受制于类型法定,受欺诈方错误作出结婚意思表示,仅得以感情破裂主张离婚,既不得撤销婚姻也不得寻求离婚损害赔偿,亦鲜有财产分割的倾斜保护。《民法典》婚姻家庭编创设特定情形下欺诈撤销在身份行为意思表示瑕疵时的适用,却并未明确其他欺诈结婚类型的效力及救济。依与婚姻实质及夫妻共同生活相关程度的划分,欺诈结婚受欺诈方可依三层架构寻求救济:其一,故意隐瞒重大疾病、性功能障碍等,受欺诈方得以主张侵权损害赔偿,基于损害赔偿具体内容的考量,应排除缔约过失的适用,损害范围限制为非财产上损害赔偿;其二,针对不可撤销欺诈结婚类型,基于婚姻家庭编对特殊客体的保护,在限缩解释“其他重大过错”前提下,欺诈行为的效果延续且违反忠实、扶养义务或侵犯配偶权的,受欺诈方得以1091条第(五)项主张离婚损害赔偿;其三,仍不足救济的,基于《民法典》关于财产分割与离婚扶养制度的修正,欺诈得作为考量因素,以妥善保护受欺诈方合法权益。

Subject to the type of statutory,the fraudulent party made the wrong marriage intention expression,only can claim divorce by emotional rupture,neither can cancel the marriage nor seek divorce damages,and there is little inclined protection of property division.The civil code of marriage and family creates the application of fraudulent revocation in the case of identity behavior intention defects,but does not specify the validity and remedy of other types of fraudulent marriage.According to the classification of the degree related to the essence of marriage and the common life,the cheated Party of fraudulent marriage can be relieved according to the following three-tier structure:Firstly,deliberately conceal major diseases,sexual dysfunction,etc.,the fraudulent party can claim tort damages.Based on the consideration of the specific content of compensation,the application of contracting fault should be excluded.The scope of damage shall be limited to compensation for non-property damage;Secondly,for the type of irrevocable fraudulent marriage,based on the protection of special objects of marriage and family composition,under the premise of limiting the interpretation of"other major faults",the effect of fraudulent behavior continues and the breach of loyalty,maintenance obligation or infringement of spouse’s rights,the swindled party may claim divorce damages in article 1091(5).Thirdly,if the remedy is still insufficient,fraud may be taken as a factor to properly protect the legitimate rights and interests of the swindled party,based on the amendment of the civil code on the property division and divorce maintenance system.