论第三方支付业务的监管难题及其转型——依据2017年中国人民银行对第三方支付机构106份行政处罚决定书进行的分析

On the Supervision Problems and Innovation of the Third Party Payment Business:Analysis of 106 Administrative Punishment Decisions Made by the People’s Bank of China on the Supervision of Third Party Payment Institutions in 2017

第三方支付已经为互联网交易所不可或缺,并且其对发展普惠金融、实现无现金社会也起着十分重要的作用。2017年度中国人民银行对第三方支付机构的违规行为一共作出了106份行政处罚决定书,做到了监管全覆盖,对于违法违规行为"零容忍"。从处罚中可见,第三方支付存在非法挪用备付金、客户信息数据不当管理、直接或间接参与洗钱等业务涉及消费者保护问题,存在行业竞争激烈与业务高度同质化、寡头垄断与并购频发、反复违规与重复受罚等涉及公平竞争问题,存在监管处罚决定书内容简单、监管适应第三方支付业务属性不够、监管依据的制度不健全等问题。中国人民银行着眼于安全和审慎的监管,但是过于谨慎的监管政策让第三方支付市场缺乏活力。在第三方支付业务的监管上,可能是对于频发的金融风险的顾虑太深,明显存在监管上的传统监管思路,与第三方支付代表的网络化金融创新不相适应,将会额外增加第三方支付机构的运营成本,也会使监管活动表面上严厉实际上收效甚微。较为合适的做法是监管机关应该遵循市场适应性原则,设计一种以激励创新导向、合规经营为基础的风险控制机制,以此开展动态监管,维护市场的开放性、自主性、创新性,形成有效监管。

Third-party payment has become an indispensable part of Internet commerce and plays an important role in the development of Inclusive Finance and the realization of a cash-free society.In 2017,the People’s Bank of China issued 106 administrative penalty decisions on violations by third-party payment institutions,indicating that the supervision is strict. From the analysis of penalty decision,there are some problems,such as illegal appropriation of reserve funds by third-party payment institutions, improper management of customer information data,oligopoly,frequent mergers and acquisitions,and simple content of supervision and punishment decision. In the supervision of the third party payment business,there is a traditional way of supervision,which is incompatible with the network financial innovation of the third party payment representatives. It will increase the operating costs of the third party payment institutions,and it will make the supervision activities seemingly harsh and actually have little effect. The more appropriate way is that the regulatory authorities should follow the principle of market adaptability,carry out dynamic supervision to maintain the openness,autonomy and innovation of the market and form effective supervision.