马克思国家治理主体思想及其在当代中国的实践

Marx’s Thought on the Subject of State Governance and Its Practice in Contemporary China

如何在社会主义社会实现国家治理的现代化建设,这是马克思主义国家观需要回应的一个重大的理论和时代课题。虽然马克思并没有对社会主义国家治理的细节问题进行全面预测和系统论述,但马克思通过对黑格尔理性国家观的批判,从规范的意义上论证了人民是国家治理的主体。随着唯物史观的发展成熟,马克思发现人民在国家中缺席的原因是生产资料的私有制和国家的阶级性质。因此,要实现人民的国家治理主体地位,就需要打碎旧的国家机器。马克思对国家治理主体的变革具有重要的理论启示。其一,人民要有序实现对国家的治理,需要马克思主义政党的组织和领导;其二,人民治理国家需要经济基础的物质保障;其三,“真正的民主制”为人民治理国家提供系统的制度保障。

How to realize the moder nization of state gover nance in a socialist society is a major theoretical and contemporary issue to which the Marxist view of the state needs to respond.Although Marx did not comprehensively predict and systematically discuss the details of socialist state governance,Marx,through his critique of Hegel’s rational view of the state,argued in a normative sense that the people are the subject of state governance.As the materialistic view of history matured,Marx found that the absence of the people in the state was due to the private ownership of the means of production and the class nature of the state.Thus to realize the people as the subject of state governance,the state apparatus of exploiting class needed to be broken up.Marx has important theoretical implications for the change of the subject of state governance.First,the people need the organization and leadership of Marxist party in order to govern the state in an orderly manner;second,the people need the material guarantee of an economic base to govern the state;and third,"true democracy"provides the systematic institutional guarantee for the people to govern the state.