从收入到资产:中国城市居民的阶层认同及其变迁——以1991-2013年的上海为例

From Income to Wealth: Class Identification and Its Change in Urban China——A Temporal Trend Analysis on Shanghai from 1991 to 2013

阶层认同研究近年来受到学界关注,但一直缺乏长时段的变迁分析。本文利用上海市1991、1996、2005、2008、2013年五次社会调查数据,"全景式"地实证分析了中国城市居民阶层认同及其决定模式的时代变迁。研究发现,从20世纪90年代到21世纪初,人们的主观社会地位经历了从"一切向钱看"向教育、职业、收入"多元决定"的良性转变;但后十年却进入了新的主要以资产(收入和住房)来决定的时代。与此同时,社会平均的主观社会地位历年来也逐渐下降。城市社会变迁的阶段性特点决定了阶层认同的上述变迁,资产不平等日益走强这一宏观的经济与社会变迁特征已经深刻地影响了人们的主观意识。

Class identification,or subjective social status,has been a popular topic in sociological studies in recent years,but long-term trend analysis is scarce.Using a unique data set collected in Shanghai from 1991 to 2013,this research shows the periodical change of Chinese urban citizens’class identification and its determinants.In the mid-1990 s,people evaluated their status only by income,whereas at the beginning of 21 st century,other two indicators of stratification,i.e.,education and occupation,also started to play a significant role.However,the most recent decade witnessed a new turn to emphasizing once again one’s wealth,including income and housing.Meanwhile,the average of citizens’subjective status declined in the examined two decades.Such a temporal change is determined by social transition characteristics.The expansion of wealth inequality has deeply affected people’s subjective evaluations.