经制之外:白莲教起义后乡勇安置问题探析

Outside the System:The Study on the Resettlement of Local Braves after the White Lotus Uprising

嘉庆初年,川陕楚地区爆发白莲教起义。因八旗绿营多已腐朽不堪,各处遂广募乡勇以资征战。然乡勇多无籍可考且募撤不定,一些官吏遂借机冒滥军需。当是时,清廷仅视乡勇为经制外之偏师,不但于实际待遇上“另眼相待”,且一直试图将其纳入绿营体系予以划一管理。起义平息后,清廷主要以增设营汛之法安置无籍乡勇,并通过增发米折银、试行屯政等措施保障其基本生活,但在精神教育层面却有所忽略,且上述物质保障亦因吏治不善而大打折扣,并最终引发宁陕等处新兵哗变。

In the early time of Jiaqing,the White Lotus Uprising broke out in the Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Hubei provinces.Due to the corruption of the Eight Banners and Green Standard Army,these places hired amounts of local braves to battle with the insurgents.For these local braves were not recorded on the formal military rosters and had no fixed date of recruitment and disbandment,some officials seized the chance to drive up the war expenses.At that moment,the Qing central government just regarded local braves as auxiliary troops outside the system,gave different treatment,and always tried to bring them into the system of the Green Standard Army.After the suppression of the uprising,the Qing Central Govermment established more stations to settle homeless local braves,allocated more silvers for rice,tried the policy of reclamation,etc.to guarantee their basic livings.However,it failed to pay more attention to spiritual education,and the guaranteed policy also impaired the corruption of administration,finally incurring the mutiny of Ningshaan Garrison Post et al.