离散与重聚:明末清初大巴山区的宗族过程——以通江“三李”家族为例

Dispersion and Reunion:The Clan Process in the Daba Mountains in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties——Taking the“Three Lis”Family in Tongjiang as an Example

在区域中理解中国是中国历史人类学的研究旨趣,结构过程、礼仪标识和逆推顺述是其提出的三个关键概念,它们为中国历史的区域研究提供了一种可能路径。文章聚焦明清之际大巴山区的宗族过程,在田野调查基础上,以通江三李家族存世的44通墓碑铭文为基本史料,结合族谱、县志,以及李氏族人诗文集和民间文学等材料,认为三李家族能从清初离散状态迅速实现重聚的原因有三:第一,在清初诡谲的政治局势下,李能白、李蕃父子没有身份认同的困境,自然地选择了入仕清廷,获取了政治资本;第二,李氏家族在明代中后期弃商业儒,明末清初的战乱并未中断科举致仕的家族理想,积累了文化资本;第三,选择与境内“明遗”家族后裔或有功名家族通婚,建构起一个延绵不绝的精英阶层的通婚网络,拥有了社会资本。三李家族的个案表明,宗族是解开明清以来大巴山区社会结构过程的一把钥匙,家族重聚的过程也正是当地社会再结构化的过程。

Understanding China in a regional context is the research interest of Chinese historical anthropology,and the key concepts developed by it,such as structural processes,ritual signs,and backward narratives,provide a possible approach to the study of regional studies of Chinese history.Focusing on the clan process in Daba Mountain during the Ming and Qing dynasties,on the basis of field investigation,taking the 44 tombstone inscriptions of the Three Lis family in Tongjiang as the basice historical materials,combined with genealogies,county chronicles,poetry collections and folk literature of the Li clan,this paper believes that there are three reasons why the Li family can quickly reunite from the dispersion in the early Qing Dynasty:first,under the treacherous political situation in the early Qing Dynasty,Li Nengbai and Li Fan's father and son had no identity dilemma,so they naturally chose to join the Qing court and obtained political capital.Second,the Li family abandoned commercial Confucianism in the middle and late Ming Dynasty,and the war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties did not interrupt the family ideal of the imperial examination and accumulated cultural capital Third,they chose to intermarry with the descendants of the“Ming relics”families or the famous families in the territory,and built an endless intermarriage network of elites,and had social capital The case of the Li family shows that the clan is a key to unlocking the process of social structure in the Daba Mountains since the Ming and Qing dynasties,and the process of family reunion is also the process of restructuring the local society.