先代帝王祭礼的理据、功能和发展线索

Academic Basis,Function and Developing Clues of the Sacrifice Ritual for Ancient Emperors and Kings

根据设计理据和礼仪功能的不同,先代帝王祭礼可以分为三类。第一类出现在北魏、隋唐与宋金时期,按照《礼记·祭法》的报功要求祭祀功德显赫的先代帝王,彰显当政朝廷遵循儒经的态度。第二类出现在新莽、唐宋时期,梳理正统王朝的更迭脉络,用以说明当政朝廷正统地位的来历。其理据渊源是董仲舒的“王、帝、皇、民”古史观念,在实践中转变为排列五德历运的转移线索。第三类是明清时期的历代帝王庙,同样用于说明正统地位的来历,但设计理据由五德终始说转变为功德评论。当政者在功德评论中的主观作用促成了康乾时期帝王庙祀谱的大幅扩展。总之,先代帝王祭礼的功能不完全是彰显统治地位的传承,也不能因为当政者主观作用的存在而忽视礼制发展中的内在连续性。

The sacrifice ritual for previous rulers could be classified into 3 categories ac-cording to the academic basis and function.The first one appeared in the Northerm Wei,Sui,Tang,Northern Song,and Jin dynasties,and current regime offered sacrifice to the previous rulers who had merits and virtues abiding by the chapter Jjifa(Law of Sacrifices)in the Book of Rites.The second one appeared in the Xin,Tang,and Northern Song dynasties,explaining the historical source of the current regime's legitimate status.Its academic basis was Dong Zhongshu's view of ancient history,and its evolved theory of the“five cyclic virtues”.The third one is represented by the temple of the successive emperors in the Ming and Qing dynasties,explaining the historical source of the legitimate regime.The academic basis,however,was moral comments,which superseded the“five cyclic virtues”theory.Emperors'subjective effect on moral comments led to the expansion of the list of previous rulers.To sum up,explaining the historical source of the legitimate status is not the only function of the sacrifice ritual for previous rulers.Although the Emperors’subjective effect has worked,the intrinsic continuity of ritual culture can't be ignored.