1841年开封黄河水患背景下的社会镜像——以《汴梁水灾纪略》为中心

Social Image against the Background of the 1841 Yellow River Flood in Kaifeng:Centered on The Summary for Bianliang Flood

道光二十一年(1841)六月,开封发生极为惨烈的黄河水患,学界以往的研究多从国家治理的层面,分析灾害成因与影响,进而阐述朝廷赈灾措施及效果,本文从灾害亲历者的视角,审视不同群体面对黄河灾害所呈现出的社会镜像:道光年间吏治腐败,身为专业防汛人员的河臣河兵,在水灾发生前后屡次玩忽职守,在黄河合龙工程中河营将弁偷工减料,导致埽段蛰塌,成为官民舆论中放大天灾的“人祸”群体;劫后余生的灾民无衣无食无居,造成人性裂变与行为失范,生计问题难以解决;在救灾过程中,以河南巡抚牛鉴为首的地方官实力抗洪抢险,赈济灾民,并与绅士、义民协力救灾,城市生活逐渐走向有序。民间受灾者视野下的社会镜像,与官方话语中的情形大不相同。

In June 184l(Chinese Calendar),an extremely tragic flood of the Yellow River occurred in Kaifeng.In academic circles most studies focused on the question of national disaster management,analyzed the causes and effects of disasters,then expounded on the disaster relief measures and effects of the Imperial Court.This paper surveyed the social image of different groups in the face of the Yellow River disaster from the view of disaster witnesses:Due to official corruption was serious in Dao Guang period,as professional flood control personnel,the river officials and soldiers had repeatedly neglected their duties before and after the flooding.The military officers of river camp became a“man-made disaster”group in public opinion because they cut comers in the Yellow River closure project and the collapse of the fascine section occurred.The survivors of the flooding had no clothes,food or shelter that leaded to fission of human nature and anomie of behavior.It’s very difficult to solve their livelihood problems.Local officials led by Niu Jian.the senior governor of Henan Province,had the strength to fight floods and rescue.They cooperated with gentlemen and righteous people to relieve the people in disaster and kept Kaifeng from drifting away.Kaifeng’s urban life was gradually moving towards order.The social image from the perspective of disaster victims is very different from that in the official discourse.