明清时期湘江流域的物质生活、奢侈风俗与经济变迁

Material Life,Social Atmosphere of Extravagance and Economic Changes in the Xiangjiang River Basin During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

物质生活是经济发展水平的重要反映。本文运用明清时期湘江流域近二百部方志中的“风俗志”史料,以奢侈风俗为线索,对其中反映的物质生活变迁进行细致考察。明代湘江流域奢侈风气尚不普遍,清中期以后几乎所有府县都出现了奢侈之风。此外,同位于湘南的郴州、永州的奢侈风俗发展趋势出现逆转:清代中叶以后郴州的奢侈风俗迅速盛行,其流行范围与程度均超过奢侈风俗发展较早的永州府。这提示了湘江流域在明代经济发展的有限性和在清代经济的迅速发展,以及由于清代湘粤商路发展带来的湘南地区商品经济发展格局的变化,与其他史料可互相补充、参证。方志史料所记物质生活中的奢侈风俗变迁,对勾勒资料相对匮乏的边缘地区的经济发展轨迹颇具价值。

The condition of material life is an important reflection of the level of economic development.This article examines the changes in material life reflected in the records of the social atmosphere,especially the social atmosphere of extravagance of the Xiangjiang River basin during the Ming and Qing dynaties,from nearly 200 local chronicles.While the social atmosphere of extravagance was not common in the Xiangjiang River basin during the Ming Dynasty,it appeared in almost all prefectures and counties after the mid-Qing Dynasty.In addition,the trend of extravagance in Chenzhou and Y ongzhou prefectures,which both located in the southern part of Xiangjiang,reversed:after the mid-Qing Dynasty,the social atmosphere of extravagance in Chenzhou flourished rapidly,and its prevalence and extent surpassed that of Yongzhou,where the social atmosphere of extravagance had appeared earlier.This suggests the limited economic development of the Xiangjiang River basin in the Ming Dynasty and the rapid economic development in the Qing Dynasty,as well as the change in the pattern of commodity economy in the southem Xiangjiang region due to the development of the Hunan-Guangdong trade route in the Qing Dynasty,which can be complemented with other historical materials.The changes in the social climate of extravagance which recorded the condition of material life are valuable in charting the trajectory of economic development in the marginal areas where historical records are relatively scarce.