社会史视野下的辽朝军事行动

Military Activities in the Liao from Social History Horizon

本文从社会史视角出发,探讨辽朝军事行动中的礼仪、占卜、祥瑞和灾异。辽帝亲征仪和腊仪富于游牧色彩,又兼容汉文化因子。契丹统治者运用中原王朝的祥瑞合欢瓜、白兔和七曜会聚庆贺或渲染军事胜利。辽太宗扶立石晋政权前后所遇之梦境,体现佛教与摩尼教互融之特征。契丹军事行动中显现的神灵异兽黄龙、白狐和马鸣之事,皆源自中原文化。契丹统治者将“白虹贯日”视为攻灭渤海之征兆,还把“日当食不食”看成索回叛逃的吐谷浑部众的祥瑞。在战争中,契丹人采用犬、羊皮厌胜,以酒脯祈祷于得疾之地。总而言之,这些活动既蕴含多元文化背景,又承载着强烈的意识形态色彩,成为契丹统治者为其军事征服和战争行为进行正当性辩护的一套权力装置。

The thesis probes into rites,divinations,auspicious signs and disasters in military activities in the Liao from social history angle.Liao emperors fulfilled their rites when they got out to battle by themselves.They also celebrated La rites.These two rites were full of nomadic colours and Han cultural factors.Khitan rulers applied auspicious signs from China Proper,such as Acacia melon,white rabbit and the convergence of seven luminaries,to celebrating and exaggerating military victories.Liao Taizong’s dream around supporting Shijin regime embodied the fusion of Buddhism and Manichaeism.Gods and rare animals in Khitan’s military acts,for instance,yellow dragon,white fox and calling horses,stemmed from China Proper culture.They regarded the condition of a white rainbow crossing over the sun as the omen of Khitan conquering Bohai.Meanwhile,they looked on the phenomenon-solar?eclipse did not occurring as expected-as an auspicious sign,recovering Tuyuhun defectors.During war period,Khitan people employed dog and sheepskin to exorcise the evil.They used wine and jerky to pray in ill space.To sum up,these activities not only implicated multicultural contexts,but also were invested with strong ideology tints.Those became a suit of power devices for Khitan dominators justifying their military conquests and battle acts.