清代陕南义渡的社会史考察

A Social Historical Study of the Charitable Ferries in Southern Shaanxi in Qing Dynasty

义渡是一项便民济渡的地方公益事业,在乡村社会中承担着重要的交通职责。官员、士绅、僧道、商民乃至地方大族富户等地方精英常常捐钱置地,创设义渡。方志和碑刻等地方历史文献表明,因地貌特征不同,清代陕西义渡有明显的地域和时段差异。陕南地区的义渡无论从数量、分布范围上,还是管理水平、维持时间上都远远超过关中和陕北地区。道光以后,汉水及其各支流的义渡大都是通过官捐或民捐两种方式置田兴办而成,船桥会等民间组织的出现以及义渡条规的出台标志着义渡管理体系的健全与完善,地方官以建坊赠匾的方式表彰义渡善举,也深刻体现着在地方社会治理时国家意志的某些痕迹。

The Charitable ferrieswerethetraffic facilities set by the local people or local government for people to cross the rivers or lakes.They played an important role in the rural society.Local elites,such as officials,gentries,monks,merchants and even wealthy local families,often donated money or bought land to set up charitable ferries and to maintain the operation of the ferries with land rental income.Local historical documents such as local chronicles and inscriptions showed that due to different geomorphological features,there were obvious regional and temporal differences in Charitable ferries of Shaanxi Province in Qing Dynasty.The number,management level,distribution range and maintenance time of charitable ferries in southern Shaanxi were far more than those in the central Shaanxi plain and northern Shaanxi.After theDaoguang period,most of the charitable ferries of the Han River and its tributaries were set up by means of official donation and people’s donation.The appearance of management organizations such as the Charitable Ferries Association and the publicationof its ruleson stones symbolized the perfection of Charitable ferries management system.The local officials honored the benevolence of Charitable ferries by building a plaque,which also reflected some traces of the will of the state when the local society was governed.