唐宋文人寺院读书的习尚演进

The Evolution of Studying Customs in Temple in Tang and Song Dynasties

唐宋文人读书于山林寺院的习尚持久不衰,习读者多以应举试为目的,其中攻进士科者占其多数。相较而言,宋人寄寺读书目的有应举和非应举之别,其人员构成已由单一转向多元。从寺院经济发展的角度比较,唐代前后期寺院经济状况差异明显,晚唐及五代寺院经济衰弱,寺院容留士子一般不以慈善相待,士子选在寺院邻近自建茅舍、自理食膳的多,少数则租赁僧舍或以劳务换取寄寺资格。两宋寺院田产、经济向好,士子寄寺习业条件得到改善,寺院对习业者常行慈善支助。鉴于寺院经济条件的差异,晚唐、五代的寺僧对寄寺者常流露厌苦之绪,甚而有伤害士子行为,导致二者关系不善,士子中举为官后难免借机嘲讥寺僧,甚者施以报复;宋代寺僧与士子关系普遍和谐融洽,士子中第为官则对寺僧多怀感恩回报,与晚唐、五代的情况显然大异其趣。

The custom studying in temple was prolonged in Tang and Song Dynasties.Most of the students who studyed in temple took Jinshi for their direction.While in Song Dynasty,there existed intellectuals who were not aimed at examinations.Among them,some were demoted and the others lived in the temple just as scholars.Consequently,the formation of intellectuals’status in temples started to undergo changes from simplification to diversification.From aspect of temple economy development,There were obvious differences between the early and late Tang Dynasty.The temple economy in late Tang Dynasty and the five Dynasties was relatively weak,which made the number of the students decrease sharply.In the two Song Dynasties,Buddhism developmented steadily.The increase of the temple economy provided favorable conditions for the scstudents.Mostly,temples accommodated the students for free.Because of the wide differences between the temple economy developments,the monks in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties often showed the thread of bitterness and even do hurt to the students,leading to a bad relationship between the two.And these scholars would ridicule and even took the opportunity to revenge the monks after passing the imperial examination;while in Song Dynasty,the relationship between monks and students was more harmonious.Having passed the imperial examination,the students would pay temples back for the accommodations in varied ways.Compared to the situations in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties,there were obvious differences.