传统观念下的生活转型——以清末民初龙溪墓志文献所见为例

The Transformation of Life under the Traditional Context-Based on the Findings in the Literature of Longxi Epigraph of the Late Qing and Early Republic of China

在整理龙溪墓志文献的过程中,可以发现清末民初时期,普通大众日常生活的转型特征。民国以前的传统社会,孝与忠是日常生活当中基本的价值观念。在尽孝的观念下,人们展开的是耕读持家的日常生活模式;在尽忠的观念下,人们展开的是为官从政的日常生活模式。这种模式以大家族作为社会的基本单位,个人的谋生与求职没有明显地被强调与突出。而在清末民初的鼎革时代的巨变当中,人们的日常生活最先受到影响的是谋生道路的转变,这种转变是被迫的;也就是说还只是停留在物质层次上的变化,而在精神层面,人们还偏向于或者说停留在传统的观念当中。其原因并不是宗族生活迅速的瓦解,而只是科举制的废除导致人们的事业追求道路中断,被迫进行职业转变。说明最初时候的生活转型,并不是观念先行,而是制度层面改革的客观原因导致的结果。

The transformation characteristics of ordinary people’s daily life in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China can be found in going through the Literature of Longxi Epigraph.In the traditional society before the Republic of China,filial piety and loyalty were the basic values of people’s daily life.Under the concept of filial piety,people followed the daily life mode of farming and self-learning as well as managing the affairs of the family;under the concept of loyalty,people observed the daily life mode for the pursuance of official career and political life.Such modes took big families as the basic units of society,with relatively less evident emphasis and highlights on individual’s livelihood and career pursuit.In the great changes of the reform of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,however,people’s daily life was first affected by the shift of means of livelihood,largely out of force;the change tended to be more on the material level,while on the spiritual level,people still preferred or remained in the traditional concepts.What interrupted people’s career pursuit and forced them to shift their occupations otherwise was the abolishment of imperial examination system rather than the rapid collapse of clan life.This paper thus concludes that the initial life transformation is not oriented by the concepts;rather it is the result of the objective reasons of the system-level reform.