数据征用的理论证成与制度展开

数字时代政府通过企业主动开放共享、数据报送、政府采购、数据调取等方式获取企业数据,但是,仅依靠这些方式无法完全调整实践中政府大规模强制获取数据的行为。为此,应当承认数据征用制度的应用价值,系统阐释数据征用的法理逻辑与制度框架。数据征用并非对数据产权的肆意攫取,相反其能够更加充分地保障数据产权人的合法权益。数据产权作为财产权的具体类型承载社会义务,但是,这并不能成为反对数据征用补偿的充分理由。数据征用补偿不仅可以激励数据产权人进行数据创新和数据供给,而且通过价格机制有助于实现数据财产权的防御功能。补偿标准不宜采取完全填补原则,而是应当以数据获取目的与公益性的密切程度为基础,综合额外技术处理成本、利益减损程度等因素确定直接损失。以比例原则为分析框架,既能为数据征用行为设定边界,妥当平衡公共利益、数据财产和人格权益,也可进一步明确数据征用的适用条件。

In the digital age,the government obtains enterprise data through active open sharing,data reporting,government procurement,data retrieval,and other methods.However,relying solely on these methods cannot fully adjust the government's large-scale mandatory acquisition of data in practice.Therefore,the application value of the data requisition should be recognized,and the legal logic and institutional framework of data requisition should be systematically explained.Data expropriation is not an arbitrary seizure of data property rights,on the contrary,it can more fully protect the legitimate rights and interests of data property owners.Data property rights,as a specific type of property rights,bear social obligations,but this cannot be enough reason to oppose compensation for data expropriation.Compensation for data requisition not only motivates data property owners to innovate and supply data,but also helps to achieve the defensive function of data property rights through price mechanisms.The standard of compensation should not adopt the principle of complete filling,but should be based on the close relationship between the purpose of data acquisition and public welfare,and determine the direct loss by taking into account factors such as additional technical processing costs and degree of interest reduction.Using the principle of proportionality as an analytical framework can not only set boundaries for data requisition,and balance public interests,data property and personal rights appropriately,but also further clarify the applicable conditions for data requisition.