给付障碍责任:一种被忽略的合同责任形态

传统缔约过失责任与违约责任并举的二元合同责任体系已陷入解释不周的困境。给付障碍责任产生于合同有效至合同非根本违约阶段,其作为统合多种不履行情形的责任形态,不仅符合合同责任建构之机理,也可从实证法规定中得到支持,使合同责任更具有体系性与可解释性。给付障碍责任侧重对(可)履行利益的保护,并以过错责任为归责原则。在此责任中,当事人负有“合同预期/完全履行义务”,并可选择法定解除、法定终止和部分解除等方式摆脱合同束缚,损害赔偿范围可在违约赔偿范式的基础上结合“可履行利益”确定。给付障碍责任是隐藏于合同责任体系中的新的责任形态。

The traditional dual system of contract liability of contracting negligence liability and breach of contract has fallen into a dilemma of inadequate explanation.The liability for defective performance arises from the period from the validity of the contract to the non-fundamental breach of contract.As a form of liability that integrates various nonperformance situations,it not only conforms to the mechanism of constructing contractual liability,but also can be supported by provisions of positive laws,making contractual liability more systematic and interpretable.The liability for defective performance focuses on the protection of(enforceable)interests and takes fault liability as imputation principle.In this responsibility,the parties bear the“contractual expectation/full performance obligation”,and the scope of compensation for damages is determined according to the paradigm of breach of contract compensation in combination with“enforceable interests”.They can choose to break free from the contract constraints through methods such as statutory termination,statutory termination,and partial termination.The liability for defective performance is a new form of liability hidden in the system of contract liability.