人体胚胎属性的理论批判与制度走向

以人体胚胎是否具有“位格”为核心,传统人体胚胎属性的理论主张存在保守论和自由论之分,但这两种论证路径实际上都没有摆脱一阶观察的理论窠臼,都陷入了主客二分的传统思维模式。实际上,人体胚胎获得完满“位格”的过程应当是一种连续的、渐进的自我成长过程。因此,我们应打破14天规则的生物学判准,在一个动态的发展链条中分情境地赋予人体胚胎不同的道德和法律地位。理论突围的目标终将指向立法与司法实践。这种渐进式的人体胚胎地位认定方式以及主物二重性的人体胚胎属性要求我们在人体胚胎的立法设计中秉持谦抑而开放的立场,既要维持人体胚胎的主体性价值,保持最大的谨慎,也要构建一种开放包容且促进技术发展的新立法框架。将协议作为解决人体胚胎争议的首要方式,将家庭作为解决我国人体胚胎争议的特殊考量,将禁止买卖和有限制的科学利用作为人体胚胎非植入性使用的指导原则,可以在文化传统与时代需求、理论与实践分析的基础上为人体胚胎立法的未来走向提供思路。

Taking whether the human embryo has a“person”as the core,the traditional theory of the attribute of the human embryo can be divided into conservatism and liberalism.However,neither of two argumentative paths has actually got rid of the theoretical stereotype of first-order observation,and they are both caught in the traditional way of thinking with a dichotomy between subject and object.In fact,the process by which the human embryo acquires its full“person”should be a continuous and gradual process of self-growth.So,we should break the myth of the biological event of the 14-day rule and contextualize the different moral and legal status of the human embryo in a dynamic chain of development.The goal of theoretical breakthrough will ultimately point to legislation and judicial practice.This progressive recognition of the status of human embryo whose attribute is duality of subject and object require us to uphold a modest and open position in the legislative design of human embryo.We should respect the value of human embryo’s subjectivity,maintaining the greatest prudence,and build a new,open and inclusive legislative framework which can promote technological development.To resolve the disputes over human embryos,agreement should be taken as the primary way and the family should be special consideration.For the non-implantation use of human embryos,the prohibition of sale and limited scientific utilization should be as the guiding principles.These can provide ideas for the future direction of legislation on human embryos in China.