个人信息权益的二元构造论

个人信息权益存在绝对权与相对权两个不同的面向。在个人信息被处理之前,个人就其个人信息享有的法律地位具有对世性,尽管该法律地位没有被制定法规定为主观权利,但是其法律效力等同于绝对权。在个人信息被处理之后,个人在个人信息处理活动中的权利属于相对权。尽管个人信息相对权由法律事先规定,但是仍然赋予个人私法自治的空间,个人有权与处理者另行约定其他相对权。澄清个人信息权益的二元构造,有助于分别建构个人信息权益的救济机制。个人信息绝对权应当受到侵权损害赔偿和停止侵害、排除妨碍与消除危险等绝对权请求权的保护。个人信息相对权要求处理者提供积极给付,在处理者拒不履行或者不完全履行或者迟延履行时可以类推适用违约责任的有关规定。

The rights to personal information(PI)has two distinct aspects:absolute and relative rights.Before PI is processed,an individual has the same legal status as an owner of their PI,which is akin to an absolute right.However,this legal status is not explicitly defined as a subjective right by the law.Once the PI is processed,the rights of individuals in personal information processing activities belong to relative rights.While the relative right to personal information is pre-defined by law,it still allows for private autonomy,giving the individual the ability to negotiate with the processor regarding other relative rights.Understanding the dual structure of PI rights can aid in constructing separate remedy mechanisms.The absolute right to PI can be protected by damages and actio negatoria,while the relative right requires the processor to provide positive payment.When the processor refuses to perform,fails to fully perform,or delays in performance,the relevant provisions on liability for breach of contract can be applied by analogy.