刑事审判中情理的运用模式与文化逻辑——以749份刑事判决书为例

非实在性的特点使脱离个案的情理呈现出“空盒子”的状态,只有经过个案事实和推理需要的触发,情理才能通过归纳推理得以具象化。通过对刑事判决书的实证研究可见,具象化之后的情理转化为经验法则和规范依据,并以大前提的角色分别形成了在常规案件中评价事实和证据的经验性功能,以及在特殊案件中评价实体和程序的规范性功能。由于归纳推理无法实现完全归纳,由此导致情理的或然性无法排除合理怀疑,进而降低了刑事判决的公信力甚至造成情法冲突。究其原因,中华文化天人合一的特征区别于西方文化的主客体二分,并由此形成了中华法系强调同理心的文化特点。为了有效化解情法冲突,法官应在同理心的引导下通过分离角色丛以发现个案的特殊性,并以可普遍化证成且公开的方式将个案正义于形式法治的框架下加以实现。

The characteristic of non-reality makes Qingli separated from the case present the state of“empty box”.Only after the triggering of case facts and reasoning needs,Qingli can be concretized through inductive reasoning.Through the empirical study of criminal judgments,the concretized Qingli is transformed into empirical rules and normative basis,and as the role of major premises it forms the empirical function of evaluating facts and evidence in conventional cases and the normative function of evaluating substantial and procedural issues in special cases.As inductive reasoning cannot achieve complete induction,the probability of Qingli cannot exclude reasonable doubt,and then reduce the credibility of criminal judgment and cause conflicts between Qing and law.The reason is that the characteristic of the unity of nature and man in Chinese culture is different from the dichotomy of subject and object in western culture,and forms the cultural characteristic that emphasizes empathy in Chinese legal system.To effectively resolve conflicts between Qing and law,judges should discover the particularity of individual cases by separating roles under the guidance of empathy and realize justice of individual cases under the framework of formal rule of law in a public way that could be generally justified.