人体基因科技风险规制路径的反思与完善——以宪法与部门法的协同规制为视角

Reflection and Improvement of Risk Regulation Path of Human Genetic Technology: From the Perspective of Collaborative Regulation of Constitution and Sectoral Laws

人体基因科技风险规制的现实需求推进了部门法规制路径的革新,但部门法规制的归责功能化、立法模糊化、预防积极化、行为拟制化引发了公共福利限缩、部门法解释空间扩大、公权力扩张与基本权利干预等困境。这些困境的现实根源在于,人体基因科技风险具有高度不确定性,且对人性构成内在挑战;法律根源在于,部门法的规制功能与规制视角存在局限。宪法作为基本权利保障法,通过宪法上的国家任务、权衡方式、基本权利、审查基准弥补部门法规制功能的局限;作为框架秩序,通过二阶风险规制视角、社会子系统沟通框架弥补部门法规制视角的局限。反思性监督机制的优化和基本权利取向解释的运用,有利于深化宪法与部门法的协同规制。

The actual demand for human genetic technology risk regulation promotes the innovation of the regulation path of sectoral laws,but the functionalization of imputation,the fuzziness of legislation,the enthusiasm of prevention and the imitation of behavior of sectoral laws regulation lead to the dilemmas of the reduction of public welfare,the expansion of interpretative space of sectoral laws,the expansion of public power and the intervention of fundamental rights.The realistic root of the dilemmas lies in that the risk of human genetic technology is highly uncertain and poses inherent challenges to human nature.The legal root is that there are limitations in the function and perspective of sectoral laws regulation.As a law guaranteeing fundamental rights,the constitution makes up the limitations of the regulation by the sectoral laws through the state task,balance methods,fundamental rights and the review standards in the constitution.As a framework order,the constitution makes up the limitations of regulatory perspective of sectoral laws through the second-order risk regulation perspective and social subsystem communication.The optimization of the reflective supervision mechanism and the application of the fundamental rights-oriented interpretation are conducive to deepening the collaborative regulation of constitution and sectoral laws.