公益诉讼的法理基础

Jurisprudential Foundation of Public Interest Litigation

以公共利益为审理对象的公益诉讼既是纠纷解决活动,也是公众参与公共事务的政治活动,要反映特定政治道德和伦理,获得法理支持。个人主义诉讼机制深受自由主义浸润,其蕴含的当事人自我决定及程序保障理念成为公益诉讼制度发展的羁绊,经局部改良形成的家长式诉讼仍无法解决公益保护与公益代表间的根本性矛盾。以社群主义与公民共和主义为代表的共同体主义,虽从共同体价值和公共空间角度证成了集体程序的正当性,特别是商谈主义为公益诉讼制度提供了全新的程序理念、框架与裁判方式,但“公共善”理念的抽象性限制了其理论价值。以人民为中心的发展思想和人类命运共同体思想,为新时代我国公益诉讼制度注入了价值根据和政治伦理。在此基础上,合理吸收各政治哲学思想,可促进公益诉讼制度实现诉讼民主、正当程序、诉讼效率等诸价值。

Public interest is an inherent part of legal norms,whose formation,performance and function reflect specific ideology and political environment.Therefore,the public interest litigation with the public interest as the trial object is both the dispute settlement activity and the political activity in which the public participates in public affairs,requiring to reflect particular political morality and ethics and obtain the regulations and defense from specific political philosophy as well.The individualistic litigation mechanism is deeply infiltrated by liberalism,and the idea of self-determination of parties and procedural guarantee contained in it has become the fetters of the development of public interest litigation system.The mode of paternalistic litigation partially modified still cannot solve the fundamental contradiction between public interest protection and public interest representation.Although the communitarianism represented by communalism and civic republicanism justifies the collective procedure from the perspective of community value and public space,especially the discourse theory provides brand-new procedural idea,frame and mode of judgment for public interest litigation,the abstractness of“public good”limits its theoretical value.The people-centered idea of development and the idea of a community with a shared future for mankind provide value basis and political ethics for China’s public interest litigation system in the new era.On this basis,reasonable absorption of various political philosophies can promote the public interest litigation system to realize the values of litigation democracy,due process,litigation efficiency,etc.