论权利作为要求——超越利益论与选择论之争

On Rights as Demand:Beyond the Debate Between the Interest Theory and the Choice Theory

面对当代权利扩张的趋势,理论界的当务之急是反思拥有权利究竟意味着什么。通过剖析权利实践可以发现,拥有权利的核心既不是利益保护,也不是对义务的意志控制,而是拥有"发出要求"的资格。这种资格的根据在于主体之间的平等约束关系。因此,拥有权利的重要性在于,通过发出要求来确证权利主体与其他主体之间的平等地位,捍卫权利人的个体尊严。以要求为核心的权利观预设了以下事实前提:每一个权利主体都具有偏好自治的能力和与其他权利主体相互共情的能力。这些事实性前提为权利主体范围划定了边界。

In an era when legal rights are expanding,a theoretical revisit on the meaning and functions of rights is necessary.By analyzing the practice of exercising rights,it can be found that the center case of having rights is neither the protection of interests nor the control of duties,but the standing to"issue demands".The basis of this standing lies in the reciprocal binding relationship between equal persons.Therefore,the importance of having rights is to confirm the equal status of the right-holders and other individuals by issuing demands,thus defending the dignity of the right-holders.The demand-based view of rights requires the following factual premises:both parties of rights have the capacity to pursue their ends and the capability to empathize with each other.These factual premises determine the scope of the subjects of rights.