Improving the observation and prediction capabilities for Arctic marine environment: from the perspective of Arctic Shipping

In recent decades,Arctic climate is warming at a rate of almost twice the global average(Osborne et al.,2018).The surface atmosphere and oceanic temperatures over Arctic Ocean increase leads to the rapid retreat of sea ice.The extension and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic,as well as the multi-year ice coverage,have decreased significantly.For example,the September sea ice extent in the Arctic,which is the end of the summer melt season,decreases at a rate of larger than 11%per decade(Polyakov et al.,2012).