清代缉查私盐中的基层生态——以傅戈庄盐店案为中心的历史人类学考察

Grassroots Relations in the Seizure of Illicit Salt in the Qing Dynasty——A historical anthropological examination centered on the case of salt stores in Fuge Village

在清代档案中,山东地区缉查私盐的案情记录清楚地反映出缉私中的基层生态面貌,具体表现为盐店私募巡役与民间私贩之间的冲突与融合。基层巡役或深或浅地嵌入到当地农民的生活中,两者基于利益基础的交往互动塑造出一种以对立为主、同时又存在着松散合作的特殊关系。这种对立/合作关系极易激化和破裂,积累的社会矛盾往往会引发一场大规模的冲突,清末潍县傅戈庄盐店被焚案就是这种生态阈值的集中爆发。作为社会结构中最基层的役民关系,两者间的互动既受官商关系、商役关系与官民关系的约束与引导,同时也对以上几种关系的塑造及国家律令的调整产生了重要影响。

The record of the case of the seizure of illicit salt in Shandong in the archives of the Qing Dynasty clearly reflected the basic relations in the anti-smuggling at the grassroots level,as evidenced by the conflict and integration between the private patrols of salt stores and the private peddlers.Private patrolling was more or less embedded into the life of the local farmers,and the interactions between the two were based on mutual interests,shaping a special relation in which antagonism was dominating and at the same time there existed a loose cooperation.This kind of relation could easily be acute or broken,and the accumulated social contradictions often led to a large-scale conflict.The burning of the salt store in Fuge Village,Wei County,in the late Qing Dynasty was a concentrated outbreak of the relationship/ecological threshold.As the lowest-level relation of the society between the patrols and the masses,the interaction between the two was both bound and guided by the relation between the government and businesses,businesses and patrols,and the government and the masses,and it also had a significant impact on the shaping of these relations as well as the adjustment of the state laws and regulations.