刑法教义学中的缩小解释与扩大解释

Narrowing and Expanding Interpretations in Criminal Law Doctrine

缩小解释和扩大解释是语义解释的两种特殊形式,它在刑法解释中经常采用,因而具有重要的理论意义。缩小解释和扩大解释都是在语义范围内进行的,并没有超出语义范围,因而它与目的性限缩和目的性扩张都存在性质上的区分,不可混为一谈。在界定扩大解释的时候,如何区分扩大解释和类推解释之间的界限,是一个十分重要但又较为疑难的问题。扩大解释和类推解释的区分标准在于:是否超越法律文本可能语义的范围。可能语义是法律文本某个用语语义的最大射程。只要没有超越可能语义但采用语词的边缘语义的,是扩大解释。反之,如果超越可能语义的则是类推解释。

Narrowing interpretation and expanding interpretation are two special forms of semantic interpretation,which are often used in criminal law interpretation.For this reason,they have important theoretical significance.Both narrowing interpretation and expanding interpretation are carried out within the boundary of wording,which do not go beyond the boundary of wording and therefore it is qualitatively different from purposive limitation and purposive expansion.We should not be confused.When defining expanding interpretation,it is a very important but difficult issue on how to distinguish between expanding interpretation and analogy.The criterion for distinguishing between expanding interpretation and analogy is whether it goes beyond the possible wording of the legal text.Possible meaning of the wording is the maximum boundary of a term in a legal text.As long as it does not go beyond the possible meaning and reaches the border of the wording,it is an expanding interpretation.Conversely,if it goes beyond the possible boudary,it is an analogy.