先秦至西汉初期的敦煌与河西

Dunhuang and Hexi Region in the Pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty

对于汉武帝取得河西、设置敦煌郡之前的敦煌归属和居民以及建置沿革,虽然历史文献有零星的记载,但学术界仍然没有进行全面的梳理。敦煌文献P.4640《阴处士碑》记载,敦煌“天成厥壤,允姓曾居。地载流沙,陶唐所治。河分千溜,法序九畴。据五服而为郊,开一门而展掖”。^(①)《史记·五帝本纪》称“帝尧为陶唐”。^(②)帝尧时肯定管辖不到敦煌,这是敦煌文士有意将其历史沿革附会到帝尧时期,但是了解到敦煌是有可能的。

The residents in Dunhuang and Hexi region should be replaced three times from the Qin dynasty to the West Han dynasty.Wusun and Da Yuezhi were the first residents who living between Dunhuang and Hexi region,when Da Yuezhi moved westward due to the failure of the war with the Huns,Xiao Yuezhi stay in Nanshan and established a regime name Langhe Qiang(狼何羌),mainly located in the area of Delinha City of Qinghai province today.At the turn of the Qin and Han dynasties,the right part of the Huns's Hongxie King and Xiutu King were living in Hexi region.Zhang Qian was captured by the Huns on his way to Western Regions as an envoy of the Han dynasty,his activities were mainly in the Hexi region and the right part of the Huns and was unfamiliar to the left part of the Huns.Therefore,the army of Han lost its way and not defeated the Huns but went well in the Hexi war between Huo Qubing's army and the left part of the Huns,that might be due to Zhang Qian's twice capture experiences in Hexi.The beginning of the name of Dunhuang should be related to Zhang Qian,he named Dunhong(敦薨)as Dunhuang while he was the guide of the army of Han.