论大数据作为生产要素的资本化及其双重影响

On the Capitalization of Big Data as a Factor of Production and Its Double Impact

并非一切生产要素都能转化为资本,马克思就此论述过资本家和“小业主”的本质区别。同样地,并非一切大数据都能转化为数字资本。对数字信息“数据化”“要素化”“资本化”的范围与条件做出历史性存在阐释,可以避免陷入“要素永恒”的分析误区。对劳动条件的“自然化”“资料化”“要素化”对比阐释,能进一步澄清大数据作为数字活动“痕迹”提取物进而实现“要素化”的前提;在对大数据进行“作为数据的数据”(非生产性)、“作为要素的数据”(生产性)和“作为资本的数据”(资本属性)差异化论述的基础上,能够进一步说明大数据转化为数字资本的前提。数字资本运动在总体上仍属于资本的世界历史,对社会发展的影响可从以下双重性来考察:一是对象性,劳动者主体地位与客体化权力的统一,构成对劳动者自身的肯定;二是异化属性,上述统一性在数字资本支配下造成分离,并构成对劳动者的否定。当代中国数字经济发展,只有在对象化路向中实现人民、生产资料、社会财富的统一,才是推动共同富裕、构建“数字中国”的本质要求。

Not all factors of production can be transformed into capital,as Marx discussed the essential difference between capitalists and“small owners”.Similarly,not all big data can be transformed into digital capital.As a product of the digital era,the generation and development of big data is a socio-historical process;in other words,it is an“artificial thing”rather than a“selfexisting thing”,which has also undergone a development process from nothing to something.Accordingly,interpreting the scope and conditions of“datafication”“factorization”and“capitalization”of digital information historically can avoid the misunderstanding of“factor eternity”analysis.The fact that human beings are engaged in material production activities is due to survival needs.From the initial use of natural material conditions to the participation of big data in today’s activity process,it can reflect that labor conditions develop with the development of production socialization,but it is not the product and expression in the sense of natural evolution.Therefore,the comparative interpretation of“naturalization”“informatization”and“factorization”of labor conditions can further clarify the premise of Big Data as a“trace”extract of digital activity and realize“factorization”.All fields of social life can generate relevant big data in the digital era,so it is necessary to distinct“data as data”(non-productive),“data as a factor”(productive)and“data as capital”(capital properties),which can further explain the premise of big data transforming into digital capital.The generation of digital capital and the digitization of capital are essentially the same process,so the movement of digital capital still belongs to the world history of capital on the whole,and its impact on social development can be examined in terms of the following duality:First,objectivity:The unity of the subject position of laborers and the objectified power constitutes an affirmation of laborers themselves;second,alienation property:The above unity causes separation under the domination of digital capital and constitutes the negation of laborers.The development of the digital economy in contemporary China necessarily requires the unification of people,means of production,and social wealth in the direction of objectification,which is the essential requirement for promoting common prosperity and building a“digital China”.