从“适度普惠”到“部分普惠”——后2020时代普惠性儿童福利服务的政策构想

From “Moderate Universal Welfare” to“Partial Universal Welfare”: Policy Ideas for Universal Child Welfare Services in the Post-2020 Era

本文探讨后2020时代高质量发展要求下,儿童福利的实践路径问题。在"适度普惠"的制度设计和"组合普惠"的学术框架下,"部分普惠"的提出为我国儿童福利发展提供了实践方案。通过政策构想、资源分析、财政测算后发现:以现有资源为路径依赖,完成机构转型,构建"养老院/儿童福利机构+幼儿园/托育机构"模式,能以较低成本解决托育服务和学前教育服务的供给侧缺口;需要将两种二类疫苗(Hib、PCV13)纳入国家基本公共卫生服务的免疫规划,提高儿童健康服务的普惠水平;实施社区为本的儿童保护模式,提供普惠性儿童保护服务。西方学者提出的儿童经济学框架(Childonomics)对构建普惠性儿童福利服务具有启发意义,本文提出的3项政策构想可以在此框架下从试点开始探索。

This paper discusses the development path of child welfare under the requirements of highquality development in the post-2020 era.Under the system design of“moderate universal welfare”and the theoretical framework of“mix of universal welfare”,the proposal of“partial universal welfare”provides a practical scheme for the development of China’s child welfare.Through policy conception,resource analysis and f nancial calculation,we found the following:First,integrating existing resources and constructing a model of“nursing home/child welfare institution+kindergarten/childcare facilities”can solve the supplyside gap of childcare services and preschool education services at a lower cost.Second,there is an urgent need to include two class II vaccines(Hib、PCV13)in the national immunization program to improve child health services.Third,it is necessary to implement a community-based child protection model to provide universal child protection services for all children.The framework of Childonomics proposed by Western scholars is instructive for the construction of universal child welfare services.The three policy ideas proposed in this article can be explored on a pilot basis under this framework.