沙俄政府应对中亚霍乱的医学社会史探析——以1892年塔什干疫情防控为例

An Exploration of the Social History of Medicine of the Tsarist Russian Government’s Response to Cholera in Central Asia:Tashkent Epidemic Prevention and Control in 1892 as an Example

19世纪欧洲百年大霍乱波及沙俄殖民统治的中亚地区,1892年发生于图尔克斯坦总督府所在地塔什干市的疫情非常严重。由于传统疾病观的根深蒂固,导致沙俄政府防疫措施实施不力,进而演变为“霍乱骚动”。文章聚焦沙俄政府应对霍乱的社会影响及其殖民主义医疗意识形态因素,梳理沙俄政府防控措施实施不力而导致动乱的事件过程,总结事件发生机制。研究旨在拓展中亚医学社会史研究和医学人类学研究新视角,为理解中亚社会变迁、促进“一带一路”发展提供政策咨询。

The century-old cholera in Europe in the 19th century spread to the Central Asian region under the colonial rule of Russia.In 1892,the epidemic occurred in Tashkent shook the Russian government.The antiepidemic measures formulated by the Tsarist Russian government deviated from local customs,therefore aroused the resentment of local residents,and caused“cholera riots”.This article focuses on the social impact of the Russian government’s response to cholera and its colonialist medical ideology.Even sorting out the course of the related events,the ignorance of the Russian government to the response of the local residents caused unrest.The purpose of this study is to expand a new perspective of social history and medical anthropology researches in Central Asia,providing policy advices for understanding both the social changes happening in Central Asian areas and the developments in the international relations under the guide of the Belt-Road policy.