世變的記憶:廣東文人屈大均的戰争敘事

The Memory of Historical Transitions:Qu Dajun’s War Narrative

遺民記憶的成形與敘述題材的擇選都隱含著各自的歷史詮釋。本文以明清鼎革之際廣東地區抗清的代表文人屈大均(1630—1696)爲研究對象,由倖存者、見證人與行動者的敘事身分出發,首先回顧"哀辭"的書寫傳統,以爲明清遺民的哀辭寫作已非傳統的"盡哀",而是融合了世變與個人經歷,成爲歷史記事的一部。接著探討戰争中異族形象的描繪與人獸間的倫理反轉,個體經驗與戰争血腥場景的聯繫,與事後重遊地景與回憶召唤。最後梳理屈大均筆下戰争女性亡後的諸種異象作爲倫理的保證與轉化,與遺民心志間關聯。通過屈大均早期戰争相關詩文的研究,釐清個體創傷、回憶追述與抒情意圖三者的關聯之餘,亦能看到"倫理"在世變之際的維繫作用。

The making of loyalists’memories and their choices of narrative themes reflect their distinct interpretation of history.From the perspectives of the narrative identities of a survivor,witness,and action taker,this article is a study of Qu Dajun(1630-1696),a representative literatus during the dynastic transition between the Ming and Qing dynasties.The first part is a discussion of what changes to the genre of“lament”were made by Ming loyalists,who not only deviated from the convention but also devoted sorrows to the genre.Secondly,the article examines the different description of the barbarian image between Qu Dajun’s works and earlier ones by others.The final focus is on Qu Dajun’s writing strategy for depicting women in wartime,exposing the cruelty of the Qing army in order to show his loyalty towards the Ming dynasty and strengthen his determination to combat the Qing dynasty.Through the examination of Qu Dajun’s early poetic and prose works,the article aims to clarify the relationship between an individual’s traumatic experience,reminiscence,and lyrical intention;and it also enables us to realize the dilemma of the literati’s self-identity during the transition of the Ming and Qing dynasties.