楊伯峻《春秋左傳注》考訂四則——以《左傳》成公二年爲範圍

A Study of Four Phrases in Yáng Bójùn’s Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals,with a Focus on the Second Year of Duke Chéng of Lǔin the Zuozhuan

本文考訂楊伯峻《春秋左傳注》(以下簡稱《左傳注》),以《左傳》成公二年爲範圍,討論"無能爲役""詰朝"、"朝食"、"大户"四則。經詞例分析,"無能爲役"之"役"當爲名詞,應從《左傳》襄公十七年《春秋左傳集解》(以下簡稱《集解》)釋爲"役事",較《左傳注》解作"僕役"適洽。《左傳》四見"詰朝",《集解》於三處釋"平旦"、一處釋"明朝",《左傳注》解作明日早晨。本文讀"詰"爲"佶"而訓爲"正",先秦典籍"正"字常有"平"義;至於"朝"與"旦"皆有"早"義,故"詰朝"即"平旦"。《左傳注》謂"朝食"爲早上進食,《史記》則將"朝食"寫爲"會食"。然就《左傳》載齊頃公"余姑翦滅此而朝食"語,顯是自認可在早上結束戰争,故"朝食"仍應解爲在早上進食。《集解》釋"大户"爲"閲民户口"而《左傳注》解作"清理户口","大户"之"大"應讀爲"汏"。《説文》謂"汏"字本義爲"淅㶕",即後世所謂淘洗,沙汏、淘汏皆自"汏"字本義引申。從另一角度言,"淅㶕"亦有清理、計算義;且《左傳》"閲"字亦有"計算"義,故《集解》釋"大户"爲"閲民户口"即計算户籍,乃讀"大"爲"汏"。

This article examines four phrases in Yáng Bójùn’s Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals(hereafter Yáng’s Commentary),namely“wúnéng wéi yì”無能爲役,“jiécháo”詰朝,“zhāo shí”朝食,and“dàhù”大户,which are found in the second year of Duke Chéng of Lǔ(589 B.C.)in the Zuozhuan.According to the analysis of a register of example phrases,the word“yì”in the phrase“wúnéng wéi yì”should be regarded as a noun,which refers to“service matter”as seen in Duke Xiang 17 in Collective Exegeses on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals(hereafter,Collective Exegeses).This reading makes more sense than Yang’s Commentary,in which the word is glossed as“servant.”The phrase“jiécháo”occurs four times in Zuozhuan.In Collective Exegeses it is glossed as“dawn”three times and as“the next morning”once.In Yang’s Commentary,however,all four occurrences are glossed as“the next morning.”The present article reads“jié”詰as“jí”佶and glosses it as“zhèng”正(“the horizon”).In pre-Qin texts,the character“zhèng”often carries the meaning of“the horizon.”The characters“cháo”and“dàn”both mean“dawn.”Therefore,the phrase“jiécháo”refers to“dawn.”In Collective Exegeses,the phrase“zhāo shí”is glossed as“eating a meal in the morning.”In the Shiji,“zhāo shí”is written as“huìshí”會食;however,the Zuozhuan records a sentence said by Duke Qing of Qi,“Yúgūjin miècǐér zhāo shí”余姑翦滅此而朝食,which clearly refers to a statement to himself that the battle could be over in the morning.Therefore,“zhāo shí”should still be understood as“eating a meal in the morning.”The Collective Exegeses glosses the phrase“dàhù”as to“check on”(“yuè”閲)household occupants,while Yang’s Commentary glosses it as“canceling one’s residence registration.”Therefore,“dà”should be read as“tài”汏.According to the Shuowen,the original meaning of“tài”is“to wash in a pan or basket”(“xījiàn”淅㶕);referring to weeding out something/someone in today’s parlance.Moreover,several other phrases such as“shātài”沙汏and“táo tài”淘汏were derived from the same original meaning.From another angle,the phrase“xījiàn”also carries the meanings of“checking”or“calculating.”In the Zuozhuan,the word“yuè”also means“calculating”;therefore,the phrase“dàhù”means checking on(“yuè”)the household occupants or,in other words,to calculate household registries.The word“dà”should be read as“tài”.