论优士丁尼法对女性人身权益的保护——以监护、侵辱、离婚为例

On the Protection of Women’s Personal Rights and Interests in Corpus Juris Civilis:Taking Guardianship,Iniuria,and Divorce as Examples

优士丁尼法作为法典编纂的典型产物,对女性人身权益进行保护是其应有之义。从远古罗马法到优士丁尼法,女性人身权益保护不断发展与完善,具体体现为:女性监护经历一个由被动到主动的发展过程,即从终身监护到宗亲监护的废除再到女性免受终身监护且能够承担监护职责的演变;女性的贞操、身体权益通过私法的侵辱之诉和公法的侵辱罪得到双重保护,将对女性的侮辱作为侵辱之诉的独立类型并对"搭讪、尾随、诱拐"等具体侵辱行为进行详细的规定;女性最终获得离婚权且不再需要5年的离婚等待期,特别是赋予妇女基于丈夫的过错的单独离婚权,由此将"忠贞义务"确立为两性均应遵守之义务。优士丁尼法通过上述具体制度的建构保护女性人身权益,其理论源于斯多亚主义的哲学思想。

Corpus Juris Civilis as a typical product of codification,which proper meaning is the protection of female personal rights.From ancient Roman law to Corpus Juris Civilis,the protection and protection of women’s personal rights and interests are constantly developing and perfecting.The concrete manifestations are:the female guardianship experience is a passive to active development process,that is,from lifelong custody to the abolition of clan parental custody to female exemption,the evolution of the duty of lifelong custody and the ability to assume custody;the chastity and physical rights of women are double protected by the infringement of private law and the crime of infringement of public law,and the insult to women is used as an independent type of insult Specific insults such as"talking,trailing,and abduction"are detailed;women eventually obtain the right to divorce and no longer need a five-year divorce waiting period,especially to give women the right to separate divorce based on their husband’s fault,thus"The duty of loyalty"is established as an obligation that both sexes should abide by.The reason why Corpus Juris Civilis protects women’s personal rights through the construction of the above specific system is based on the philosophical thinking of Stoicism.