从乡土中国到迁徙中国:再论中国人口迁移转变

From Rural China to Migrating China: Rethinking Migration Transition in China

人口低空间流动性是数千年乡土中国的人口特征。过去40年,我国经历了并正在经历着从很少迁移的"乡土中国"向大规模、高频率迁移的"迁徙中国"转变的过程,迅速实现了向大规模、全方位、多层次、多元化的全员迁移流动的转变。从乡土时代向迁徙时代的转变能够在短短40年内得以实现,有其内在机制,如土地制度改革、人口结构变化、市场经济发展和政策松动等,这些因素将使人口高空间流动性在未来相当长时期内得以保持。为了有效解决快速迁移转变带来的各种挑战和问题,21世纪以来实施的各项政策措施和制度安排要继续坚持。同时,相关的文化建设和文化适应具有重要作用,要从几千年与乡土中国相适应的"静文化"逐步向与迁徙中国相适应的"动文化"转变。

The low spatial population mobility has been the demographic characteristic of Rural China for thousands of years.In the past 40 years,China has experienced and is experiencing the transition from a Rural China with few migrations to a Migrating China with large-scale and high-frequency migrations.The historical transition from the Rural era to the Migration era is realized in a short period of 40 years,which has its internal mechanism,including the reform of the land system,the change of population structure,the development of urban market economy and the loosening of migration policies.This will enable high population spatial mobility to be continued into a long time in the future.In adjusting to a Migrating China,relevant cultural construction and cultural adaptation play an important role.It is necessary to gradually move from a Static Culture adapted to Rural China for thousands of years to a Dynamic Culture adapted to Migrating China.