卡介苗发挥训练免疫的机制和最新应用进展

The mechanism and latest application progress of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine to exert trained immunity

卡介苗(BCG)可以预防结核病,还可以诱导对不相关病原体的异源保护。BCG可以通过训练先天免疫细胞,从而增强先天免疫的功能和调节先天免疫记忆。异源保护机制包括疫苗诱导的代谢重编程、先天免疫细胞群的表观遗传修饰以及造血干细胞祖细胞的调节等。训练免疫已被证明可以保护人体免受多种病原体的侵害,包括细菌、真菌、病毒和原生动物。训练免疫的发现为新疫苗的研发、免疫缺陷状态的治疗策略以及调节自身炎症性疾病提供新的方向。BCG现在用于治疗癌症和自身免疫性疾病,还被作为重组抗原表达载体用于开发新型疫苗。BCG的免疫调节特性也激起了人们对其用于预防或缓解自身免疫性疾病和炎症性疾病的兴趣,包括Ⅰ型糖尿病和多发性硬化症。因此了解BCG训练免疫的具体机制,对开发BCG的新应用有重大意义。

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine(BCG)can prevent tuberculosis and can also induce heterologous protection against unrelated pathogens.BCG can enhance the function of innate immunity to regulate innate immune memory by training innate immune cells.Heterologous protection mechanisms include vaccine-induced metabolic reprogramming,epigenetic modification of innate immune cell populations,and regulation of hematopoietic stem cell progenitor cells.Trained immunity has been proven to protect the body from a variety of pathogens,including bacteria,fungi,viruses and protozoa.The discovery of trained immunity provides new directions for the development of new vaccines,treatment strategies for immunodeficiency states,and the regulation of autoinflammatory diseases.BCG is now used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases and also used as a recombinant antigen expression vector for the development of new vaccines.The immunomodulatory properties of BCG have also aroused people’s interest in its use to prevent or alleviate autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases,including type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis.Therefore,understanding the specific mechanism of BCG trained immunity is of great significance to the development of new applications of BCG.