“一裁两审”:劳动争议解决机制的效率悖论及其改进——基于2014~2018年北京法院审理的4431件劳动者严重违反用人单位规章制度案件判决书

“First Arbitration to be Followed by Two Levels of Trials”System-The Paradox of Efficiency in the Labour Dispute Mechanism and its Improvement——Based on 4,431 Judgments of Severe Violations of Work Rule Adjudicated by Courts in Beijing from 2014 to 2018

在中国,劳动争议解决机制实行“一裁两审”制。劳动仲裁为诉讼的前置程序,如果当事人对仲裁裁决不服,可以向基层人民法院起诉,如果对于一审判决不服,还可以向中级人民法院上诉。如果当事人穷尽所有程序,会造成程序冗长,这对劳动者来说尤其不利。在当前这一体制不会发生改变的前提下,仲裁机构和人民法院采取了很多措施来革除这一弊端。笔者整理了2014年至2018年由北京法院审理的劳动者严重违反用人单位规章制度案件,考察其中的几项措施,并进一步讨论如何改进“一裁两审”体制。统计结果显示:第一,即使法官大量适用简易程序加快审理,但少数案件因为案情复杂等,审结时间依然很长。第二,在上诉阶段,存在少数企业恶意上诉的情况;在起诉阶段,因为仲裁员和法官适用法律的不一致,会增加当事人不服仲裁裁决而选择起诉的意愿。这两种情况都会拖延案件的最终解决。治本之策,首先是调整案件受理费,提高当事人的上诉成本,降低恶意上诉的可能性。其次是提高仲裁员和法官适用法律的一致性,降低当事人不服仲裁裁决后的起诉意愿。同时,可以利用繁简分流改革,扩大劳动争议案件“一审终审”的适用范围,使更多案件能在一审阶段解决。

China's labor dispute settlement mechanism adopts the“first arbitration to be followed by two levels of trials”system.Labor arbitration is a procedural prerequisite for litigation.If the parties are dissatisfied with the arbitration result,they can file a lawsuit in the district court.If dissatisfied with the district court's judgment,they can also appeal to the intermediate court.Therefore,if the parties exhaust all procedures,the procedure will be lengthy,especially detrimental to the employee.The arbitration agency and the court have taken many measures to reduce this drawback in the past few years.By sorting out discharge cases due to severe violations of work rules adjudicated by district and intermediate courts from 2014 to 2018 in Beijing,the author reviews these measures and further discusses how to improve the system.Statistical results show that,first of all,even if judges apply summary procedures to speed up trials,a few cases still take a long time to complete due to complex circumstances.Secondly,during the appeal stage,there are cases where a few companies appeal maliciously.During the district court stage,the arbitrator and the judge s inconsistent application of law will increase the parties'willingness to be dissatisfied with the arbitration result and choose to sue.These situations will delay the final settlement of the case.The fundamental solution is first to adjust the court acceptance fee,increase the parties'appeal costs,and reduce the possibility of malicious appeals.Secondly,it is to improve the consistency of the application of law by arbitrators and judges and reduce the willingness of parties to sue.At the same time,reform by diverting the complicated and simple lawsuits and expanding the types of lawsuits that cannot be appealed so that more cases can be resolved at the district court stage。