抚寺安边:明清河湟治理嬗变与藏传佛教寺院分布秩序重塑

Support Temples to Stabilize the Frontier:The Governance and Evolution of Hehuang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Reconstruction of the Distribution Order of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries

明清两代对河湟的治理上都表现出了因俗而治的特点,这对于现今民族地区的政策实施有着极高的参考价值。明代在“多封众建,僧徒尚用”的思路下,赋予了河湟藏传佛教寺院政治经济等方面特权,这对河湟佛寺的空间分布秩序产生了较大影响,是国家力量所主导的。清代虽主张兴黄教,但雍正年间河湟内属化后,实际上将多数寺院的各类特权收归地方政府,所以佛寺的分布与发展主要依靠自身力量,具有内在性。通过复原明清河湟藏传佛教不同类型寺院的空间分布,构建出相应的佛寺分布秩序重塑的动态过程,以此来更加立体认识中原王朝与藏传佛教持续的交流互动中所体现的治边思想。

The governance of Hehuang in the Ming and Qing dynasties both showed the characteristics of governing according to customs,which has a high reference value for the implementation of policies in ethnic areas today.In the Ming Dynasty,under the idea of"more seals for public construction and more monks for use",Hehuang Tibetan Buddhist monasteries were given political and economic privileges,which had a great impact on the spatial distribution order of Hehuang Buddhist monasteries and was dominated by the state power.Although the Qing Dynasty advocated the promotion of Huangjiao,in fact,the various privileges of most monasteries were transferred to the local government after the conversion of Hehuang to Inner Mongolia during the Yongzheng period,so the distribution and development of Buddhist monasteries mainly depended on their own strength,which was intrinsic.By restoring the spatial distribution of different types of monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism in Hehuang in the Ming and Qing dynasties,the corresponding dynamic process of reshaping the distribution order of Buddhist monasteries is constructed,so as to have a more systematically understanding of the thought of border control embodied in the continuous exchange and interaction between the Central Plains Dynasty and Tibetan Buddhism.