从宗亲政策试析日本近世武家政治的形成

日本近世初期,丰臣和德川两个统一政权先后确立。新兴武家政治的亲族政策独具特色,天下人秀吉以广泛的氏姓授予将武家全体纳入其模拟亲族,并将这一统辖车略与关白政治模式相结合构成丰臣政权的统治基础。德川政权则回归将军幕府政治模式,氏姓授予不再具有建构亲族功能的同时,基于血缘的德川亲族的范围和秩序更加复杂多样。不同于拥有牢固宗法传统的中国古代王朝,日本近世武家政权缺乏类似的传统范式,亲族问题就不可避免地依据实用主义政治逻辑进行处理,这也正是近世初期日本武家政治文化的突出特征。

Early in the early modern period of Japan,two of the unified regimes:Toyotomi and Tokugawa was established successively.On the relatives Policy,the lord Hideyoshi subsumed the entire samurai class into his constructive relatives by a broad surname award and attempted to constitute the rule of the Toyotomi regime combining with the political model of Kanpaku.To the Tokugawa regime which returned to the political model of Shogun,the surname no longer had the function of building kinship.At the same time,the range and order of kinship which based Tokugawa clan became complex,demand from realistic politics.By lacking the patriarchal traditions that ancient Chinese dynasties had,Japanese Samurai regime in this period inevitably chooses the political logic of pragmatism when dealing with issues such as kinship.This is also the essential feature of the political culture of the samurai in early modern Japan.