论康德的宽恕概念

On Kant's Concept of Forgiveness

康德将宽恕看作个人对待他人伤害行为的回应,即“放弃复仇欲”,这属于对他人爱的义务。在深层次上,康德将宽恕当作德性义务,这需要立足于爱的义务的对宽恕义务的正当性进行阐释。与此同时,康德式的宽恕义务并不仅仅是放弃复仇欲,它要求人们把放弃复仇欲的倾向纳入行动准则中,培养宽恕的准则,这种相融论的立场不仅能解决康德宽恕义务究竟是以情感还是行为为核心的争论,还能使宽恕义务不和惩罚发生冲突。更为重要的是,作为不完全义务的宽恕,它的不完全性并不意味着宽恕义务是可以选择的,而是说宽恕义务是有条件的,即它会被尊严所限。因此,人们仅仅有宽恕忏悔者的义务,面对毫不忏悔的施害者,受害者有正当的理由拒绝宽恕。所以,在根本的价值取向上,宽恕义务和尊严是相关联的,宽恕道德忏悔的施害者能够使宽恕中的爱和个人的自尊得到完美协调。

Kant sees forgiveness as an individual's response to the harmful behavior of others,i.e.,“renunciation of the desire for revenge”,which is an obligation to love others.At a deeper level,Kant regarded forgiveness as a virtuous duty,which required an explanation of the legitimacy of the duty.At the same time,the Kantian duty to be forgiving is not just about giving up the desire for revenge,it requires people to incorporate the inclination to renounce the desire for revenge into the code of maxim,and cultivate the maxim of forgiveness,and this compatibility position not only resolves the debate about whether Kant's duty to be forgiving is emotional or behavioral,but also makes the duty to be forgiving not conflict with punishment.More importantly,the imperfect duty of forgiveness does not mean that the duty to be forgiving is elective,but that the duty to be forgiving is conditional,that is,it will be limited by dignity.Thus,people have only the duty to forgive the confessor,and the victim has a legitimate reason to refuse forgiveness in the face of the unrepentant perpetrator.Therefore,in the fundamental value orientation,the duty to be forgiving and dignity are linked,and the perpetrator of forgiveness and moral repentance can perfectly reconcile the love in forgiveness and personal self-esteem.