论身体意识的独特意向性

On The Unique Intentionality of Bodily Awareness

在心灵哲学中,身体意识专指相对于视觉、听觉等外感而言的、对呼吸、肠胃、温度的内感、对身体位置、大小、运动的本体感以及痛感。身体意识是否具有意向性是心灵哲学当中的争议问题,但双方都有一些成问题的假定:1.意向性必须是进行对象化的意向性;2.我们只有一个身体,故而身体意识如果有意向性,被意向的就是物理身体;3.身体意识被定位在物理身体上,和身体意识告知我们身体状况如何,是一回事。现象学界虽然对身体以及意向性进行了大量讨论,但并无法提供成熟的解决方案,或因为对这一问题缺乏关注,或因为现象学家也带有同样的假定。为此,本文将身体意识的意向性问题引入胡塞尔现象学的框架,试图论证身体意识具有独特的意向性:其意向性是不进行对象化的意向性,其意向相关项既非体验,又非物理身体。而将这一身体与物理身体囊括在内的统一身体是多模块整合的成就。这一探讨是现象学与心灵哲学对话的范例,并在身体意识的解释上提供了有别于表征论的方案。

In philosophy of mind,bodily awareness refers specifically to interoception(of breath,stomach-intestine and bodily temperature),proprioception(of bodily position,size and movement),and nociception,in contrast to exteroception.Whether bodily awareness is intentional is a subject of extensive debate in philosophy of mind.Both sides,however,share some problematic assumptions:(1)intentionality must be objectifying;(2)we have only one body,so the body that one is conscious of in bodily awareness is the physical body;(3)the localization of bodily awareness in the physical body and how bodily awareness informs us about our bodily state are the same matter.Although body and intentionality are much discussed in phenomenology,it cannot offer a systematic answer,either because it has paid no attention to this specific problem,or because phenomenologists have the same problematic assumptions.For this reason,I would introduce the intentionality problem of bodily awareness into Husserlian phenomenology,and argue that bodily awareness has a unique intentionality.It is intentional in a nonobjectifying way.Its intentional correlate is neither experiential nor physical.A unified body that encompasses this intentional correlate and the physical body is an achievement of multimodal integration.This research serves as an example for dialogues between phenomenology and philosophy of mind,and provides an alternative explanation of bodily awareness to the representationalist one.